以“h—P”开头的基础词汇

　　habit 习惯hair 头发half 一半

　　handbook 手册handful 一把handsome 潇洒的

　　happy 高兴的happen 发生hard 困难的

　　hardly 几乎不harvest 收获hate 憎恨

　　have 有head 头headmaster 校长

　　hobby 爱好health 健康hear 听

　　heart 心脏heat 热heaven 天

　　heavy 重的height 高度hello 喂

　　help 帮助helpful 有用的hero 英雄

　　hide 隐藏high 高的hill 小山

　　himself 他自己hire 雇佣history 历史

　　hold 拥有hole 洞homework 作业

　　honest 诚实horse 马how 多么

　　however 然而huge 巨大的human 人类

　　hundred 百hungry 饥饿的hunt 打猎

　　hurry 赶紧hurt 伤害husband 丈夫

　　ice-cream 冰激凌introduce 介绍icy 冰冷的

　　idea 想法illness 疾病imagine 想象

　　immediate 立即的important 重要的improved 改良的

　　income 收入increase 增长indeed 真正地

　　industry 工业information 信息ink 墨水

　　install 安装instead 代替instruction 指示

　　intend 想要interesting 有趣味的international 国际的

　　into 到。。。里invent 发明invite 邀请

　　iron 铁、熨斗island 岛Italian 意大利的

　　itself 它自己jacket 夹克Japan 日本

　　Japanese 日本人join 加入joy 欢乐

　　July 七月jump 跳跃 June 六月

　　justify 证明 keen 渴望的kick 踢

　　kill 杀死kilogram 千克 kindness 和蔼

　　king 国王kiss 吻kitchen 厨房

　　kite风筝knee膝盖knock敲

　　knowledge知识lab 实验室labor劳动

　　lack 缺乏ladder 梯子lady 女士

　　lamp 灯language 语言large 大的

　　last 最后的late 迟的lately 最近

　　laugh 笑law 法律lay 放置；下蛋

　　lead 领导leaf 叶子league 社团

　　learn 学习least 最少的lecture 演讲

　　leg 腿length 长度lesson课

　　letter信level水平lever杠

　　library图书馆lie 躺；位于；撒谎January 一月

　　life 生活lift 举起like 喜欢

　　likely 很可能对limit 限制line 线

　　lion 狮子lip 嘴唇live 生活

　　lonely 孤独的lose 失去loud 高声的

　　love 爱lovely 可爱的low 低的

　　luck 运气lunch 午餐machine 机器

　　meantime 其间mad 疯狂的madam 女士

　　magazine杂志mail邮件male男性

　　manage 管理manager 经理man男人

　　map 地图march 前进market 市场

　　marry 嫁mass 大多数mate 配偶

　　matter 事情may 可以meal 一餐

　　meaning 意义meanwhile其间mountain 山

　　measure 措施meat肉medical医学的

　　movement运动medicine药meeting会议

　　member成员memory记忆mental精神的

　　mention提及menu菜单middle中间的

　　might 可能mile 英里milk 牛奶

　　million 百万mind 头脑；介意mine 我的

　　mineral 矿物minister 部长miss 错过

　　mistake 错误monkey 钱month 月

　　moon 月亮morning 早上most 最多的

　　mother 母亲motor 发动机mouth 嘴

　　move移动murder谋杀museum博物馆

　　musical音乐的music音乐must必须

　　myself我自己nail指甲name名字

　　narrow狭窄的national国家的nation国家

　　native本国的northwest西北的natural自然的

　　nature自然nearby附近的near近的

　　neat整洁的necessary必要的nurse护士

　　need需要noisy吵闹的none一个也没有

　　northern北方的north北nor也不

　　nose鼻子nothing什么都没有outdoor室外的

　　nowadays如今nowhere无处number数

　　nursery托儿所overtime超时的operate v操作

　　opinion意见order命令ordinary普通的

　　other其他的ought应该ourselves我们自己

　　outdoors屋外overcoat外套oversea外国的

　　paragraph段pardon原谅parent父母

　　park公园partly部分的party晚会

　　part部分pass通过peaceful和平的

　　piano钢琴pick拾取picnic野餐

　　picture图画piece块、件、片pig猪

　　pile堆pilot飞行员pity遗憾

　　强调句

　　(一)强调句句型

　　1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其它部分。

　　e.g. It is in the year of 1949 that People’s Republic of China was founded.

　　2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。

　　e.g. Is it in the year of 1949 that People’s Republic of China was founded.?

　　3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？

　　e.g. When and where was it that you found the book?

　　4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。

　　强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.

　　强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.

　　强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.

　　强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.

　　5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。

　　(二)not … until … 句型的强调句

　　1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分

　　e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till he finished his homework.

　　强调句：It was not until he finished his homework that he went to bed.

　　2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

　　(三)谓语动词的强调

　　1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。

　　e.g. Do hand in your homework today. 务必今天交作业。

　　He did call you yesterday. 昨天他确实给你打电话了。

　　Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必(千万)要小心啊！

　　2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。

　　练习题

　　1. It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .

　　A. was B. are C. were D. had been

　　2. It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began.

　　A. which B. when C. that D. since

　　3. She said she would go and she ________ go.

　　A. didn't B. did C. really D. would

　　4. It was the training _____ he had as a young man _____ made him such a good engineer.

　　A. what; that B. that; what C. that; which D. which; that

　　5. --- Were all three people in the car injured in the accident?

　　--- No, ______ only the two passengers who got hurt.

　　A. there were B. it were C. there was D. it was

　　6. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.

　　A. ItB. HeC. SheD. That

　　7. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang.

　　A. whoB. whomC. howD. that

　　8. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting.

　　A. where B. thatC. in whichD. on which

　　9. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded.

　　A. whichB. whenC. asD. that

　　10. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave?

　　A. andB. thatC. that’s D. so

　　11. It was ____ I met Mr. Green in Shanghai.

　　A. many years that B. many years before

　　C. many years ago that D. many years when

　　12. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well.

　　A. It, allB. It, that C. There, whoD. There, that

　　13. It was he saved enough money that he to go to university.

　　A. until, did not choose B. not until, chose

　　C. until, chose D. not until, did not choose

　　答案：

　　I. A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.B

　　Passage 1

　　Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction.Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.Today's corporation hire human engineering specialists and spend a considerable amount of time and money to make sure that the physical environments of buildings are fit to the activities of their inhabitants.

　　Similarly, college classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.We are already in the twenty-first century，but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years.Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates.This assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious：Everything of importance comes from the teacher.

　　With a little imagination and effort，unless desks are fixed to the floor，the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchange among students.In small or standardized classes，chairs，desks，and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways：circles，U-shapes，or semicircles.The primary goal should be for everyone to be able to see everyone else.Larger classes，particular those held in lecture halls，unfortunately，allow much less flexibility.

　　Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises.Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem.Even in large lecture halls，it is possible for students to turn around and form group of four to six.Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other，think out loud，and see how other students’ thinking processes operate--all essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.

　　In courses that regularly use a small group format，students might be asked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course.A colleague of mine allows students to move around during the first two weeks，until they find a group they are comfortable with.He then asks them to stay in the same seat，with the same group，from that time on.This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students’ names and faces.

　　1. According to the passage，proper arrangement of physical environment in a company _______.

　　A. can improve working conditions

　　B. leads to an friendly atmosphere

　　C. can promote working efficiency

　　D. produce an energetic team leader

　　2. Desks in straight rows in a traditional classroom imply _______.

　　A. the importance of facial expressions

　　B. group work is not welcome in class

　　C. strict rules that must be abided by

　　D. the absolute authority of teachers

　　3. The most important goal of classroom arrangement is to _______.

　　A. create more chances of interaction among students

　　B. increase more speaking practices among students

　　C. make it possible for teachers to judge how well students have learned

　　D. improve the relationship between students and teachers

　　4. By dividing students into small groups，teachers _______.

　　A. find it easier to handle the in-class teaching

　　B. can participate in group work conveniently

　　C. help develop students’ abilities in critical thinking

　　D. reinforce students’ ability in cooperation and communication

　　5. It can be inferred that the author _______.

　　A. criticizes the importance of teachers in class

　　B. stresses the importance of interaction among students

　　C. is reluctant to teach in a classroom in the 21st century

　　D. is eager to reform the desk arrangements in his college

　　Passage 4

　　Material culture refers to what can be seen, held, felt, used--what a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of material culture in it, of course, is musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.

　　Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on music and, when it becomes widespread, on the music culture as a whole.

　　One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media--radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music cultures all over the globe.

　　6. Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because __

　　A. it helps produce new cultural tools and technology

　　B. it can reflect the development of the nation

　　C. it helps understand the nation’s past and present

　　D. it can demonstrate the nation’s civilization

　　7. It can be learned from this passage that _____

　　A. the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern and Chinese music

　　B. Near Eastern music had an influence on the development of the instruments in the symphony Orchestra

　　C. the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern and Western music

　　D. the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra were developed on the basis of Near Eastern music

　　8. According to the author, music notation is important because ___

　　A. it has a great effect on the music culture as more and more people are able to read it

　　B. it tends to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musicians

　　C. it is the printed version of standardized folk music

　　D. it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs

　　9. It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the world of music __

　　A. has brought about an information revolution

　　B. has speeded up the appearance of a new generation of computers

　　C. has given rise to new forms of music culture

　　D. has led to the transformation of traditional musical instruments

　　10. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

　　A. Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by computers.

　　B. Music cannot be passed on to future generations unless it is recorded.

　　C. Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.

　　D. The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.

　　Passage 5

　　You’re busy filling out the application form for a position you really need. Let’s assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn’t it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University? More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university.

　　Registrars at most well-known colleges say they deal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of about one per week. Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicant is lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them "impostors (骗子)"; another refers to them as "special cases". One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made by "no such people". To avoid outright (彻底的) lies, some job-seekers claim that they "attended" or "were associated with" a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that "attending" means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that "being associated with" a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century---that’s when they began keeping records, anyhow. If you don’t want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony diploma.

　　One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of nonexistent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from "Smoot State University". The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the "University of Purdue". As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana is properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper.

　　11. The main idea of this passage is that _____

　　A. employers are checking more closely on applicants now

　　B. lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem

　　C. college degrees can now be purchased easily

　　D. employers are no longer interested in college degrees

　　12. According to the passage, "special eases" refers to cases that __

　　A. students attend a school only part-time

　　B. students never attended a school they listed on their application

　　C. students purchase false degrees from commercial firms

　　D. students attended a famous school

　　13. We can infer from the passage that __

　　A. performance is a better judge of ability than a college degree

　　B. experience is the best teacher

　　C. past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do

　　D. a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job competition

　　14. This passage implies that __

　　A. buying a false degree is not moral

　　B. personnel officers only consider applicants from famous schools

　　C. most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school

　　D. society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications

　　15. The word "phony" (Line 13, Para. 2) means __

　　A. thorough C. false B. ultimate D. decisive

　　Passage 6

　　Nobody actually wants to cause offence but，as business becomes ever more international，it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark.

　　In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture.In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a man should shake hands with everyone present. This can be a demanding task and，in a crowded room，may require gymnastic(体育的)ability if the farthest hand is to be reached. Handshaking is almost as popular in some other countries，but Northern Europeans，such as the British and Scandinavians，are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness.

　　In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food，but the way you behave as you eat. Some things are just not done.In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course.Business has its place：after the cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence you have to talk about something-something，that is，other than the business deal which you are continually chewing over in your head.

　　In Germany，as you walk sadly back to your hotel room，you may wonder why your apparently friendly hosts have not invited you out for the evening. Don't worry，it is probably nothing personal. Germans do not entertain business people with quite the same enthusiasm as some of their European counterparts.

　　The Germans are also notable for the amount of formality they bring to business. As an outsider，it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30 years or have just met in the lift. If you are used to calling people by their first names this can be a little strange. To the Germans，titles are important. Forgetting that someone should be called Herr Doktor or Frau Direktorin might cause serious offence. It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess.

　　In Italy the question of title is further confused by the fact that everyone with a university degree can be called Doctor-and engineers，lawyers and architects may also expect to be called by their professional titles.

　　These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language. Language，of course，is full of difficulties-disaster’may be only a syllable away.But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with，the less likely you are to get into difficulties.It is worth the effort. It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price，but the fact that you offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif(开胃酒).Good manners are admired: they can also make or break the deal.

　　16. This passage suggests us to

　　A. behave the same in the single European market

　　B. make the deal by good manners

　　C. give humorous remarks when you eat with people

　　D. learn more about cultural differences

　　17. In which country are you not expected to shake hands with everyone you meet？

　　A. France. B. Germany. C. Norway. D. Italy.

　　18. Which of the following statements is TRUE？

　　A. People in Britain shake hands just as many as people in France.

　　B. In France people prefer talking about business during meals.

　　C. Italian professionals expect to be called by their titles.

　　D. German business people don't like to be called by their surnames.

　　19. If you are not invited out for the evening by your business counterparts in Germany，that means

　　A. they still haven't taken you as their friend yet

　　B. they want to keep a distance from you

　　C. they are still hesitating whether to do business with you or not

　　D. they don't realize the need to invite you out

　　20. Which one below can NOT be a proper title for this passage？

　　A.When in Rome... B. I Didn't Mean to Be Rude

　　C. Doing Business in Europe D. Good Manner，Successful Business

　　1-5 C D A C B 6-10 C B A C D

　　11-15 B B D D C 16-20 B C C D C

　　作文每周一练(七)

　　Directions： You are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Opportunity. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.

　　1. 有人认为机会是极少的

　　2. 另一些人认为人人都会有某种机会

　　3. 我认为…….写出你的观点，说明你的理由

　　My View on Opportunity

　　A common concept among some people is that opportunities are few. They always complain that opportunities never occur to them. They only admire those people who make a hit or succeed by seizing some opportunities， and always wonder why they are never given a good opportunity to show their talent.

　　Another common notion is that there are opportunities everywhere. Opportunity may occur to anybody at any time and under any circumstances as long as he/she keeps making constant efforts. As a student， you can get to the top through your hard work. As a businessman， you can succeed through accurate calculation and with a complete certainty that you can make a profit.

　　In my opinion， opportunity favors only those who keep trying and who are ready for it. As the saying goes "God helps those who help themselves"， So no matter whether there's opportunity or not， what we should do is to study， to learn and become learned people， Only in this way can you seize your opportunity when it occurs. So never say there's no opportunity again.