摘要的问题是考研学生们最近很关心的问题，从大纲来分析，10 年的考试应用文和摘要的可能性是最大的，当然如果是应用文的话基本上会是以考书信为主，如果不考应用文的话，就可能会考摘要了，由于在暑假和秋季班里面没有涉及到摘要，有必要发一篇文章上来简单讲解一下，希望能有一点帮助。

　　其实所谓摘要就是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来，独立成一篇短文，叫做摘要。顾名思义，摘要必须简明扼要，用词精确，同时要求对原文内容不加任何解释和评论，绝对忠实于原文作者的本意和中心思想。写摘要能训练学生清楚有效地表达思想，对于思维的一致性和语句的概括性有一定的要求，下面我们简单讲一下写作的程序：

　　一、阅读原文

　　1、在阅读原文的时候，一定要抓住其大意，考生们完全可以将考研阅读中作主旨题的方法用起来，比如说每段第一句，以及明显的强转折句等等，这都是抓一篇文章大意的最快方法。

　　2、为摘要拟定一个题目。最好是用一个单词或一个短语言简意赅的表达，这个过程有点像阅读中的标题题的解法，注意这个单词最好在原文中就出现，怎么找呢？最简单的一个方法就是找出本文中的最高频词汇，这个单词就是与本文中关系最密切的单词了，再接下来的写作的时候也应该围绕这个单词来展开了；或者是力求找出文章中的举例都是为谁而举得，这也是找出核心词的好方法

　　3、找出与原文中心思想关系最密切的部分，作为写摘要的时候最主要的材料（如何找中心思想我已经讲过了）

　　4、读的时候最好做一些简单的笔记，把有用的词汇、数据抄到一张纸上，这个过程也是在为自己列提纲理清思路！

　　二、开始写作

　　1、一般说来摘要的长度不应超过原文长度的三分之一，需要对文章进行压缩，用哲学术语简单的解释一下就是：去粗取精，去例存旨，去表流里。当然，咱们还是按照考研写作的要求来，以它的为准，但既然是摘要，字数不要太多，否则就是改写。压缩文章的方法要注意一个中心，N个基本点，中心就是要围绕主旨来写作，基本点待我一一奉上：

　　a、删除细节。摘要只取要点，但凡是论据一律干掉。
　　b、消减例子。不用我解释了吧
　　c、简化描述。原文中有十个句子在描述一个人或一件事，在摘要中只要保留一句即可。
　　d、压缩句子。这个待会再说

　　2、要用自己的语言来写摘要，摘要是一次文字上的再创造，而不是机械重复和简单堆砌，同学们可以试着将原文中需要写出来的材料进行改写，具体有四个方法（当然，仅仅改写是不够的，还需要压缩，这个呆会再说）：

　　a.改动原句中的某些成分的程序，比如状语的成分，可以放句首句尾，可以用分词来做，可以做成插入语等等
　　b.改动原句中的一些词汇的词性，这个依同学们的能力而为
　　C.可以删除掉原句中的一些修饰成分如形容词，副词，从句甚至是状语等，同样可以达到改句子的目的
　　d.改写同义词

　　3、最好按照原文的顺序来写，以每段为一个任务来完成，这样思维更加清楚。

　　4、最重要的一点来了，正如我刚刚所说，写摘要是一种压缩的游戏，除了要压缩原文之外，还需要压缩句子，之于写摘要，压缩句子才是主要矛盾，具体有以下几点需要掌握：

　　a.将要摘写的句子翻成汉语，当然只翻译自己认识的部分，然后在汉语的层面上进行改写和语句压缩（这一点应该不难），然后再转换成英语，转换回英语的时候完全可以参照原文句式，保证不犯错，如：
he was in financial difficulties and was being pressed by his creditor
可以改为：he had a problem because of the lack of money
John fell into the river and，before help could reach him， he sank.
可以改为：John was drowned in the river
　　b.用短语取代原文中的长句并且删除长句中的从句和附属成分
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai，Lushan Mountain，and Huangshan Mountain，were visited by only a few people in the past. Today，better wages，holidays with pay，new hotels on those mountains，and better train and bus services，have bought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.可以改为：with the development of society，more and more people are visiting beautiful mountains like Mount Tai.
　　C.多用概括性词语，少用具体描述性词语
She brought home several Chinese and English novels，a few copies of Times and Newsweek，and some text books.She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.
可以改为：She brought home books and magazines to read during the vacation.

　　下面我用一片范文举例，各位找一找感觉，时间关系，我就不一个一个字打上去了，这篇文章是我在网上找的，还能用就直接复制过来了

　　将下面这篇约500词的原文按要求写成约150词的摘要。

　　原文

How New York Became America?s Largest City

In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston.Today it is the largest city in America.How can the change in its size and importance be explained？

To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography， history，and economics.Together these three will explain the huge growth of America?s most famous city.

The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports.At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States， and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.

Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods.That is why seaports often have cities nearby.But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers.Their development did not happen simply by chance.

About 1815，when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west，trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time，drawn by horses or oxen，were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe?s canals.In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem.From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land.Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.

The canal produced an immediate effect.Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been.New York City，which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston， quickly became the leading city of the coast.In the years that followed， transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River.Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.

The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important，but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country.It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.

Exports from New York were greater than imports.Consequently，shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe.Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.

Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city.Others stayed in New York for a few weeks，months，or years，and then moved to other parts of the United States.For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes， goods， and services.Their labor helped the city be come great.

　　摘要

How New York Became America?s Largest City

New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston，but now it is America?s largest city because of geography，history and economics.

New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroad across the sea.The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825.This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down.In addition， the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi.Later，railroads tied New York closer to the central states，whose goods were exported via New York.Fewer goods were imported，so cheap passages were available from Europe.New York became the main port for receiving Europeans，many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great.

　　另附摘要基本交代句，这些句子只是拿分的必要条件，还是应该把我上面讲的东西好好想想

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