丁雪明

　　世界上顶尖级的建筑师杰作体现的载体是我们看得见，摸得着的一砖一瓦;同样，我们备考考研英语则要掌握必要的词汇！100分的考研英语试卷对我们的词汇要求是很高的，所以我们在这个冬季去一起感知其基础词汇的魅力！

　　一、阅读中常见的基础词汇

　　工作生活类文章

　　Passage 1

　　工作生活类议论文。主要阐述了注重细节、做好小事，对最后的成功的重要性。

　　Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,” he says。

　　“Resumes (简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, “Crossley concludes。” If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”

　　Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,” says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we are working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else。”

　　Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,” says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary。” Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every take we undertake。

　　Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       candidate n. 候选人

　　【搭配】 a candidate for ……的候选人

　　2.       eliminate v. 消灭，去除

　　【巧记】 eliminator n. 排除者

　　【搭配】 eliminate…from…把……从……中排除出

　　3.       strain n. 压力

　　4.       struggle vi. 挣扎，努力，奋斗n. 挣扎，战斗，斗争

　　【搭配】 struggle against (with) 和……斗争‖struggle for 为……而斗争

　　5.       compare v. 比较

　　【巧记】 comparison n. 比较，对照

　　【搭配】 beyond comparison 无比的‖by comparison 比较起来

　　6.       process n. 过程

　　【搭配】 in process 在进行中‖in (the) process of 在……过程中

　　7.       coordinate a. 同等的，并列的v. (使)成为同等，使协调

　　8.       adjustment n. 调节

　　【搭配】 adjust to 使调整

　　9.       secret n. 秘密

　　【搭配】 in secret 秘密地

　　10.    reward n. 回报

　　【巧记】 rewarding a. 报答的，有得益的‖rewardless a. 徒弟的

　　核心词组

　　take care of 照顾               pay attention to 对……给予注意

　　at the cost of 以……为代价      keep form doing sth. 远离……，不做……

　　make adjustment (s) 作调整      account for 说明，解释

　　(总字数：288；单词：255；中文：33)

　　Passage 2

　　工作生活类议论文。主题是成为一个真正的作家的艰辛与不易。

　　Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there’s big difference between “being a writer” and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. “You’ve got to want to write,” I say to them, “not want to be a writer。”

　　The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U. S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer (自由撰稿者)， I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn’t even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer。

　　After a year or so, however, I still hadn’t gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn’t going to be one of those people who die wondering. What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        individual n. 个人，个体a. 个人的，个体的

　　【巧记】 individuality n. 个性

　　2.        fame n. 名声，名气

　　【巧记】 famous a. 著名的

　　3.        reality n. 现实

　　4.        lonely a. 孤独的

　　【巧记】 alone a. 独自的，单独的

　　5.        kiss vt. 吻…… n. 吻

　　6.        prospect n. 前景，前途，视野

　　【巧记】 perspective n. 眼力，远景，前景

　　7.        manual a. 手动的，体力的n. 手册，指南

　　8.        genuine a. 真正的

　　9.        barely ad. 几乎不

　　10.    wonder v. 纳闷，不知道n. 奇迹

　　11.    uncertainty n. 不确定性

　　12.    failure n. 失败

　　核心词组

　　many a… 一个又一人……            dream of 梦想到……

　　feel like 想，感觉好像……            keep doing sth. 一直在做……

　　(总字数：360；单词：308；中文：52)

　　Passage 3

　　工作生活类议论文。文章阐述了公司如果想在世界市场上具有竞争力，多样化是必要的。

　　It’s very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate (公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expend the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn’t occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need。

　　Likewise, I don’t hear people in the academy saying, “Let’s go backward. Let’s go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格降人才)” (witch was never true we never had a meritocracy, although we’ve come closer to it in the last 30 years。) I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media not in corporate board rooms or on collage campuses。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        debate n./v. 辨论，讨论

　　【巧记】 debatable a. 可议论的，可争辩的‖debater n. 议论者

　　2.        contact n. 接触，联系，交往vt. 与……联系，接触

　　【巧记】 contactless a. 失去联系

　　3.        imperative a. 必要的，重要的

　　4.        expand v. 扩大，展开，扩张

　　【巧记】 expansion n. 扩张‖expansive a. 扩张性的‖expanse n. 大片，大面积

　　5.        potential a. 潜在的，可能的n. 潜力

　　6.        promote vt. 提升，举办，促成，帮助实现

　　【巧记】 promoter n. 促进者‖promotion n. 升级，推广‖promotional a. 推销的，促进的

　　7.        minorities n. 少数民族

　　8.        immigrant n. (外来)移民，侨民a. 移来的，移民的

　　9.        academy n. (高等)院校，学会，协会

　　【巧记】 academic a. 学术的，学院的，学究的

　　10.    minority n. 少数；少数民族

　　11.    debate v./n. 辩论，争论

　　核心词组

　　have a lot of contact with 与……有联系      on campus 在(在学)校园里

　　(总字数：326；单词：294；中文：32)

　　科技类说明文

　　Passage 1

　　科技类说明文。Priscilla Ouclinda 的具有“能源效率”特点的房子结果变成了其一家生病的“罪魁祸首”。专家最后将其定家生病的原因归结到了室内甲醛气体严重超标。从中我们可以看到，正是Ouclinda 一家人在建造自己的房子时过多地考虑到节约能源，反而忽略了室内空气污染。他们的房子是密封的，同时安装有双层玻璃……这一切均不利用房屋换气通风。这个问题在当今美国社会里非常普遍，作者与过去在能源便宜时期房屋的建造状况相比，得出室内空气污染是一定要受重视的。

　　Priscilla Ouchida’s “energy-efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000, three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-paned (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. Priscilla’s eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness。

　　Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting。

　　The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation’s drive to save energy. The problem itself isn’t new. “The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along,” says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. “Energy conservation has tented to accentuate the situation in some cases。”

　　The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn’t worry much about unsealed cracks. Because of such leaks the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的

　　【巧记】 effective a. 有效的，生效的‖ineffective a. 无效的‖efficiency n. 效率，效能，功效‖deficient a. 缺乏的‖sufficient a. 足够的‖inefficient a. 效率低的

　　【辨析】 efficient, effective

　　effective 能产生满意的结果的；efficient 指工作的效率很高，而且经济。

　　2.        seal n. 封条，印章，海豹vt. 密封，盖章

　　【搭配】 put a seal on 把……上贴封条‖take off the seal 启封‖seal in 保持住‖seal off 封住，封锁住

　　3.        equip vt. 装配，配备

　　【巧记】 equipment n. 设备，器材

　　【搭配】 equip oneself for 为……作准备‖equip sb. to do 为某人……作准备‖equip…with…以……装备……‖be equipped with 装备(配备)有……

　　【辨析】 1. equip, fwrnish

　　科技

　　Technology

　　equip 指有技术性的含义；fwrnish 指房间配备家具，也指供应其他物品等。

　　2. equipment, apparatus, appliance

　　equipment 装备，设备；apparatus 器械，仪器，工具，装置，仪表；appliance 器具，常用复数形式，指用于操纵有电源的器具或装置。

　　4.        feature n. 特征，特色，脸上的一部分特写

　　【巧记】 featureless a. 无特色的，平凡的

　　【搭配】 make a feature of 以……为特征

　　5.        suffer vt. 忍受，承受，遭受vi. 忍受痛苦

　　【巧记】 sufferer n. (病痛等的)受苦者、受难者、患者‖suffering n. 痛苦、苦脑、劳苦、困难‖suffice vi. 足够vt. 满足

　　【搭配】 suffer from 遭受，因……而受损害、苦于、患……病‖suffer for 因……而受惩罚

　　6.        trace n. 足迹，痕迹vt. 跟踪，追踪

　　【巧记】 tracing n. 描绘

　　【辨析】 trace, track, trail

　　trace 指人、动物过后所留下的明显痕迹记号；track 偏重于狩猎活动中猎狗依此追寻猎物的痕迹；trail 足迹或气味留下的痕迹。

　　7.        maximum n. 最大量，极限

　　【巧记】 maximal a. 最大的‖maximize v. 把……加到最大限度

　　【辨析】 maximum, minimum

　　maximum 最大量，最高点；minimum 最小量，最低点

　　8.        standard n. 标准，规格

　　【巧记】 standardize (-ise) vt. 使标准化，使合标准

　　【搭配】 be fit for the standard 合乎标准‖of (a) high standard 水准高的‖SAE: Standard American English 标准美国英语‖SBE: Standard Britosk English 标准美式英语

　　9.        source n. 来源，出处

　　【巧记】 sour a. 酸的，脾气坏的‖south n./a./ad. 南方(的／地)

　　【搭配】 from…source (s) 从……方面(来源)

　　【辨析】 source, resource, origin

　　source 指河流的源头，引申为来源，出处；resource 指自然资源或资产常用复数形式；origin 指历史文化或风俗的起源。

　　10.    victim n. 牺牲品，受害者

　　【巧记】 victimize vt. 使受害‖victor n. 征胜者，胜利者

　　【搭配】 become the victim of/fall a victim to 成为……的牺牲品

　　11.    sufficient a. 足够的，充分的确良

　　【巧记】 suffice vi./vt. 足够，满足‖insufficient a. 不足的‖sufficiently ad. 足够地

　　【搭配】 be sufficient for 足以(满足)‖suffice for 足够，够用

　　【辨析】 sufficient, adequate, enough

　　adequate 数量上和质量上的满足；enough 数量上，程度上而不指质量上的满足；sufficient 书面用语，写作时常用此词汇。

　　12.    conservation n. 保存，保护，守恒

　　【巧记】 conservational a. 保护的，守恒的‖conservatism n. 保守主义‖conserve vt. 保

　　守，保藏

　　【辨析】 conservation, conservative

　　conservation 保护，保存；conservative 保守 如the Conservative (美国保守党)。

　　13.    construct vt. 构筑，建造n. 构筑物，构想

　　【巧记】 constructive a. 建设性的，解释性的‖constructor n. 建造者‖construction n. 施工，构筑，建筑物

　　14.    generate vt. 使发生，产生，引导，导致

　　【巧记】 generally ad. 一般地，通常，大体‖generator n. 发电机‖degenerate vi. 退化，堕落‖regenerate v. 使新生‖generation n. 一代 (人)

　　15.    level n. 水平面，水平线，等级a. 平的，水平的

　　【巧记】 lever n. 杠杆，杠

　　【辨析】 level, even

　　even 表面平整或线条均匀，引申为心情冷静且判断公正；level 指水平，尤指才能相等或两样东西无大差距。

　　核心词组

　　turn out to be…证明……              be equipped with…装配有……

　　suffer from 忍受，患有……           because of…由于……

　　in some cases 在有些情况下           tend to 倾向于……

　　as a result 所以……

　　(总字数：505；单词：294；中文：211)

　　Passage 2

　　科技类说明文。一些悲观主义的专家认为汽车将会被淘汰，还有些认为汽车非但不会被淘汰，而且将会成为未来交通工具的首选。作者关心的不是未来的汽车会如何地变化及其燃料的情况，作者认为城市的交通拥挤会是主要问题，而解决问题的关键在于未来智能化，城市高速公路交通系统的建立完善。司机用电话把方向指令输入系统，由电脑设计最佳路线，并为该车保留全程的行车空间。这样的自动化高速公路每小时通行的车量可由现在的1,500辆至2,000辆提到10,000辆。

　　Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future。

　　The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types。

　　Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system。

　　When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically。

　　Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control

　　of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements。

　　The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and walt fro the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        pessimistic a. 悲观主义的

　　【巧记】 pessimism n. 悲观，悲观情绪，悲观主义‖pessimist n. 悲观主义者‖optimistic a. 乐观的，乐观主义者

　　2.        abandon vt. 放弃，遗弃，丢弃n. 放任

　　【巧记】 abandoned a. 被抛弃的，无耻的‖abandonment n. 放弃，自暴自弃

　　【搭配】 with abandon 尽情地‖abandon oneself to sth. 陷入，沉湎于某事

　　【辨析】 abandon, desert, give up, quit

　　abandon 指完全，最终和永久的放弃；desert 强调故意逃避应尽的义务和职责或违背誓言，含有非难之意；give up (用于口语) give up doing sth.；quit 指停止，如quit sth. 停止做某事。

　　3.        authorities n. 当局，官方

　　【巧记】 authority n. 权力，权威‖authoritative a. 有权威的，可相信的，官方的，当局的‖authorize vt. 授权，委托，批准‖authorizable n. 可授权的，可批准的‖authorization n. 授权，批准，委托‖authorized a. 委托的，核准的，公认的

　　【搭配】 have/exercise authority over sth./sb. 对某人或某事有(行使)权力‖in authority 拥有权力地位的‖under the authority of 受……管理‖with authority 有权威地

　　4.        foreseeable a. 可预见的

　　【巧记】 foresee vt. 预见，预料到‖foreseer n. 预见者

　　5.        economical a. 节约的，节省的

　　【巧记】 economic a. 经济学的，经济(上)的‖economics n. 经济学‖economically ad. 俭省地，节约地，经济地，在经济上‖economist n. 经济学家‖economize v. 节省‖economy n. 经济，节约

　　【搭配】 economize on sth. 节省，节约

　　【辨析】 economic, economical

　　economic 指与经济制度，经济学有关的意思；economical 指节省，节俭，节约。

　　6.        urban a. 城市的，都市的

　　【巧记】 urbanist n. 城市规划专家‖urbanize v. 使都市化‖urbanization n. 都市化，文雅化‖rural a. 农村的

　　7.        propose v. 提议，建议，打算，计划，求婚

　　【巧记】 proposition n. 提议，建议，命题，主张，观点‖proposal n. 建议，计划，求婚

　　【搭配】 propose marriage to sb. 向某人求婚

　　【辨析】 propose, suggest

　　propose 指提出意见，计划，方法以供参考，且为书面用语；suggest 常用于较随便的场合后加动名词或that 从句不能跟 “to do”。

　　8.        automate vt. 使自由化

　　【巧记】 automated a. 自动化的‖automatism n. 自动性‖automatize vt. 使自动化‖automation n. 自动化‖automatic a. 自动的，机械的‖automatically ad. 自动地‖auto n. 汽车

　　9.        contact n. 接触，联系，交往v. 接触，与……联系

　　【巧记】 contactless a. 失去联系‖contactual a. 联系着的‖contactor n. 开关

　　【搭配】 come into contact with 与某人接触‖be in/out of contact with 和……接触‖keep in contact 保持联系

　　【辨析】 contact, touch

　　contact 指两个物体接触而产生的一种相互关系；touch 用于描述某一感觉器官，感觉到了某人或某物存在。

　　10.    similar a. 相似的，类似的

　　【巧记】 dissimilar a. 不相象的，不类似的‖similarity n. 相似类似‖similarly ad. 相同地，同样地

　　【搭配】 be similar to 与……相似‖be dissimilar to与……不相似

　　【辨析】 1. similar, same

　　similar 相似的，并不指完全一样或相似，前面可以用very 修饰；same 相同，前面往往可以加定寇词 “the” 如： the same。

　　2. similarity, likeness, resemblance

　　similarity 指两个或多个以上的东西之间相似；likeness 普通口语中运用，表示两个人或东西外表相似；resemblance 常指两个或多个事物之间物质的，外表的相似。

　　11.    attach vt. 贴上，系上，附属，使依恋

　　【巧记】 attachable a. 可接上的，可附上的‖attachment n. 附属，附带，友爱‖unattached a. 独立的，未订婚的

　　【搭配】 attach oneself to 参加，参与，加入‖attach to 属于，伴随，归于‖attach importance to 重视‖become attached to 对……依恋，有感情，附属于

　　12.    destination n. 目的地，终点，目标

　　【巧记】 departure 离开

　　【搭配】 reach one’s destination 达到某人的目标

　　13.    calculate vt. 计算，核算，推测，估计，打算，计划

　　【巧记】 calculating a. 精明的，狡猾的‖calculation n. 计算，考虑‖calculation n. 计算，计算结果‖calculator n. 计算器

　　【搭配】 calculate on 指望，期望‖do calculations 进行计算

　　【辨析】 calculate, compute, count

　　calculate 计算，核算；compute 计算，估算，有时指进行较复杂的数字运算；count 计算，计数，数数。

　　14.   estimate vt. 估计，评价，判断n. 估计，评价，判断

　　【巧记】 estimation n. 判断，估计，意见

　　【搭配】 by one’s estimate 依某人估计‖in my estimation 依我判断

　　【辨析】 estimate, assess, appraise, evaluate

　　estimate 指某人根据自己的经验和知识对某事物作估计，结果可能为否定；assess “评价”之意，强调用具体的数据进行评价；appraise “评价”之意，强调专家的意见，估计的结果是完全正确的；evaluate “估计”之意，强调整体印象来评价。

　　15.   compare vt. 比较对照，把……比作‖vi. 相比，比得上

　　【巧记】 comparable a. 可比较的类似的比得上 (with,to)‖comparably ad. 可相比地‖incomparable a. 无以伦比的‖comparability n. 可比性‖comparative a. 比较的，相对的‖comparison n. 比较

　　【搭配】 compare…with…把……与……比较‖compare…to…把……比作……‖beyond/without compare 无以伦比‖by/in comparison with 相比之下

　　【辨析】 compare…with, compare…to…

　　前者表示把……与……相比较；后者表示将……比作……。

　　核心词组

　　be allowed to 被允许做……               regardless of 不管，尽管，无论

　　in the future 在未来                      solution to………的解决方法

　　drop from 从……下降，垂下              make contact with 与……相接触

　　be similar to 与……相似                  be attached to 附属于……接触

　　be free to…自由地做……                  warn of…警告某人，某事

　　be compared with ……与……相比

　　(总字数：491；单词：292；中文：199)

　　文史类文化文

　　Passage 1

　　文史类文化文。人们对 “cool” 一词 (即 “酷”) 的看法。

　　When Sharon Lee of the Hollywood marketing firm Look-Look needs to know what’s cool, she taps in to a network of experts that even the CIA would envy. It’s a web-linked (网络链接的) weave of nearly 10,000 volunteers and part timer, recruited over several years at clubs around the country. The network points in-between to report on their work。

　　“They upload photos, send e-mail reports and use message boards on our internet,” added Ms. Lee, who co-founded the firm in 1999 to find whatever makes the cultural contents exciting music, shoes clothes, games, makeup, food, technology. Look-Look’s correspondents some armed with digital cameras that Look-Look buys for them might snap anything from a rave (狂欢晚会) to their bedroom walls。

　　What is cool, anyway? “It used to be a personality based, anti establishment attitude,” said Ms. Lee. “For young people now it’s pure, raw emotion it’s anything that inspires you to think. It can be a person, a product, a place, anything。”

　　But there’s just no formula for cool. Likewise, it’s hard to define the cost of cool. None of the firms tracking it will discuss how they are paid, although they earn fees and work either on a per-project basis or no long-term counseling. Still, cool is as hard to make clear as a weather forecast for next week. “Cool burns out so fast that by the time companies know it’s cool, it’s not cool anymore,” said Ms. Lee. The old-time corporate methodology (企业的做法) was to treat it like the annual report for shareholders going out and testing a sample size of a few hundred people, then resting it again the next year. But a year in youth culture is like seven years。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        net work n. 网络

　　2.        envy vt. 妒忌羡慕n. 妒忌

　　【巧记】 enviable a. 引起妒忌‖envies a. 妒忌的

　　3.        recruit v. 征募新兵，补充n. 新兵，新成员

　　【巧记】 recruitment n. 征募新兵，新会员

　　4.        correspondent n. 记者

　　5.        digital a. 数字的

　　【巧记】 digit n. 数字

　　6.        emotion n. 情感

　　【巧记】 emotional a. 情绪的，情感的

　　7.        counsel n./vt. 忠告，劝告

　　【巧记】 counselor n. 顾问

　　8.        expert n. 专家，能手

　　【巧记】 expert n. 专家，能手‖expert a. 专家的，内行的，熟练的

　　9.        volunteer n. 志愿者

　　【巧记】 volunteer n. 志愿者，志愿兵‖volunteer vt. 自愿提供，自愿(做)‖volunteer vi. 自愿，当志愿

　　10.    snap vi. 喀嚓折断，吧嗒一声(关上或打开)

　　【巧记】 snap vi. 喀嚓折断，啪地绷断，吧嗒一声(关上或打开) ，猛咬，怒声责骂，厉声说话‖snap vt. 使喀嚓一声折断，使发出吧嗒一声(关上或打开) ，给……拍快照‖snap n. 吧嗒声，快照‖snap a. 仓促的，突然的

　　【搭配】 snap out of 迅速从……中恢复过来‖snap up 抢购，抢先弄到手

　　11.    formula n. 原则，方案，公式，方程式，配方

　　12.    define vt. 给……下定义，解释，限定，规定

　　【搭配】 define…as 把……定义为

　　13.    fee n. 费，酬金

　　14.    forecast vt./n. 预测，预报

　　核心词组

　　be armed with 装配有，拿着……         on a…basis 以……为基础

　　likes wise 相似地，同样地               treat…like… 把……当作……

　　(总字数：323；单词：284；中文：39)

　　Passage 2

　　文史类论说文。本文谈的是电影对整个印度社会的影响。

　　Indian cinema has often suffered the derision (嘲弄) of film critics and rightly so. But as Subhash Ghai, a prominent producer-director has pointed out, “Cinema mirrors society… India is rooted in tradition… and cinema reflects our family values”， though in a highly dramatized form. He adds, “Today I can sit in my drawing room and talk big, but the millions who go to the movies will reject what I am saying unless I keep them in mind。” In other words, there are inherent (内在的) limitations in making good and realistic cinema in Indian. This view is, however, challenged by some。

　　According to Ravi Gupta, Managing Director of the National Film Development Corporation which prides itself on making good quality films, “It is a media-created myth that parallel (to Hollywood masala films) cinema is dead. In fact, art films are more viable (能生存的) than commercial films。”

　　Be that as it may, one thing is for certain. Hindi films have probably done more for India’s national integration (一体化) than any other medium. Hindi films and film songs are watched and hummed all over the country, not with standing the country’s linguistic plurality (多数). Hindi, which is India’s national language but is not spoken and understood in all parts of India, has made its impact through the medium. Another positive aspect is that Indian cinema is the most all embracing, nonreligious part of India’s fractured social landscape. For instance, out of the six top actors listed by the newspaper, the Times of India, three are Muslims: Shah Rukh Knhan, Aamir Khan and Salman Kan. Therefore, despite all its acts of omission and commission, Indian cinema, in some ways, is a progressive phenomenon。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       critic n. 批评家，评论家

　　【巧记】 critical a. 批评的，批判的‖criticize v. 批评，批判‖criticism n. 批评，批判

　　【搭配】 be critical to 对……挑剔‖be critical of 苛求

　　2.       prominent a. 凸起的，显著的，杰出的

　　【巧记】 prominently ad. 突出地

　　3.       dramatize vt. 改编成剧本

　　【巧记】 drama n. 剧本，戏剧‖dramatic a. 戏剧性的，巨大的

　　4.       reject vt. 拒绝接受，抵制

　　【巧记】 rejection n. 拒绝，抵制，驳回

　　5.       limitation n. 限制，局限性

　　6.       parallel a. 平行的，相似的n. 平行线vt. 与……平行

　　【搭配】 in a parallel with 和……平行

　　7.       commercial a. 商业的，商务的n. 商业广告

　　8.       linguistic a. 语言的

　　【巧记】 linguistically ad. 语言上

　　9.       fracture n. 骨折，破裂，裂缝

　　10.    omission n. 省略，删除

　　11.    reflect v. 反映，显示，反射，深思，反省

　　【巧记】 reflection n. 倒影，反映，表达，非议，批评，深思，考虑

　　12.    realistic a. 现实的，实际可行的，现实主义的，逼真的

　　13.    medium a. 中等的

　　【巧记】 medium a. 中等的，适中的‖medium n. 媒介物，传导体，新闻媒介，传播媒介，手段，工具

　　【搭配】 by/through the medium of 以……为媒介，通过

　　核心词组

　　be rooted in 根植于……    in addition 另外      keep…in mind 记住

　　(总字数：435；单词：279；中文：156)

　　体育类说明文

　　Passage 1

　　体育类说明文。1998年世界杯足球赛结束后，许多失望的球迷仍然对由于裁判不公正而使自己心爱的球队与冠军失之交臂大加指责。有调查研究表明，裁判应该在比赛中处于最佳位置，并以最佳的速度跑动。这位调查者还指出国际足球联认为裁判在45岁要退休的看法是受到了误导。如果紧随球的跑动不是那么重要，裁判的状况也就不重要了。

　　Long after the 1998 Would Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decision than denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees。

　　The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge。

　　Observers noted down the referees errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number。

　　The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters。

　　There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second。

　　If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next Would Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues。

　　He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       curse v. 咒骂，诅咒n. 咒骂，咒语；祸害

　　2.       dispute vt. 争论

　　3.       deny v. 否认，拒绝

　　【巧记】 denial n. 否定，拒绝承认，克制

　　【搭配】 deny doing 否认做……‖There is no denying ……不容否认

　　4.       appoint vt. 任命，委派，约定，指定

　　【巧记】 appointive a. 委任的‖appointer n. 指定人‖appointment n. 约会，约定，任命，委派

　　5.       performance n. 履行，完成，演出，表演

　　【巧记】 perform v. 履行，完成，表演‖performer n. 演奏者

　　6.       involve vt. 使卷入，使参与，牵涉，包含

　　【巧记】 involvement n. 卷入，牵连

　　【搭配】 involve in 与……相关，牵涉到……

　　7.       period n. 一段时间，时间，课时，期间

　　【巧记】 periodic a. 同期的，定时的‖periodical n. 期刊，杂志‖periodically ad. 周期地，定期地

　　8.       charge vt. 装满，收费，使充满，指控，充电n. 收费，罪名，负费，电荷

　　【巧记】 charger n. 委托人

　　【搭配】 be charged with 负……责任，弃满着，被指控‖charge for 收……费‖in charge of ……负责，主管‖take charge 开始管理，接管‖in the charge of 受……的管理

　　9.       error n. 错误，误差

　　10.    convert vt. 使转变，更改

　　【巧记】 convertible a. 可转换的，可转变的，可改变的‖converter n. 转换器

　　11.    analyse vt. 分析，分解

　　【巧记】 analyzable a. 可以分析的‖analysability n. 分析，能力‖analysation 分解，分析‖analyser n. 分析者‖analyst n. 分析者

　　12.    incident n. 事件，事变

　　【巧记】 incidence n. 发生率‖incidental a. 附带的，偶然的‖incidentally ad. 附带地，顺便提及

　　13.    argue vi. 争论，争辩vt. 主张，争论，劝说

　　14.    insistence n. 坚持

　　15.    critical a. 批评的，批判的，挑剔地

　　核心词组

　　in charge 负责任             be converted to sth. 转换，换算为……

　　on average 平均地            keep one’s eyes on 注视

　　rather than 而不是            keep up with 跟上

　　(总字数：389；单词：273；中文：116)

　　Passage 2

　　体育类议论文。体育运动不仅是身体上的挑战，也是智力上的挑战。而对于青少年的身体素质和心理素质也同样是一种挑战，参与比胜负更重要，它能够为青少年提供许多有意义的经历。对于孩子们的学习来说，教练和父母给予的积极评价比批评更有效。

　　Sport is not only physically challenging but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动) Stress can be physical, emotional or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable。

　　The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperated with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and

　　fine a flaw (缺陷) in themselves。

　　Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the spot and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       physically a. 自然地，物质地，内体上地

　　【巧记】 physical a. 身体的，物质的

　　【搭配】 physical labor 体力劳动‖physical condition 身体状况

　　2.       challenge n. 挑战，艰巨的任务vt. 反对，向……挑战，对……怀疑

　　【巧记】 challenging a. 具有挑战性的‖challenger n. 挑战者

　　3.       mentally ad. 精神上地，脑力地

　　【搭配】 mental labor 脑力，劳动

　　4.       criticism n. 批评，评论

　　【巧记】 critic n. 批评家‖critical a. 批判的‖critically ad. 批评地，危急地

　　【搭配】 be critical to…对……很挑剔‖be critical of 苛求的，挑剔的‖make criticisms on 对……批评

　　5.       pressure n. 压力，压强，强制，压迫

　　【巧记】 press vt. 压，按，紧握n. 新闻界，出版介‖pressing a. 紧迫的，迫切的

　　6.       stress n. 压力，紧张

　　7.       emotional a. 感情上的

　　【巧记】 emotionally ad. 感情地‖emotion n. 情感，激动，激情

　　【搭配】 with emotion 动情地

　　8.       psychological a. 心理(上)的，心理学的

　　【巧记】 psychologically ad. 心理上地，心理学地‖psychology n. 心理学，心理‖psychologist n. 心理学家

　　9.       indicate vt. 表示，显示

　　10.   describe vt. 叙述，描述，形容

　　【巧记】 description n. 描写，记叙文，说明文‖descriptive a. 描述的，说明的

　　【搭配】 describe…as…把……描绘成……

　　11.   aware a. 意识到的，觉察到的

　　【巧记】 awareness n. 意识，觉悟‖unaware a. 不知道的‖unawareness n. 无意识

　　【搭配】 be aware of 明白，意识到某事

　　【辨析】 aware, conscious

　　aware 指通过自己的感官活动来感知；conscious 指大脑已接受了感官的信号，一般表示对事实、真实情况等的清醒地内在了解。

　　12.   cautious a. 谨慎的

　　13.   participation n. 加入，参与

　　【巧记】 participant n. 参加者，参与者‖participate vi. 参加，参与

　　14.   outcome n. 成果，结果

　　15.   positive a. 积极的，肯定的

　　16.   motivate n. 激起，激发