江西理工大学2017年博士招生英语考试大纲

江西理工大学博士研究生入学英语考试大纲是学校为招收博士研究生而设置的选拔性考试。教育部颁布的《硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲规定》：“博士生入学其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平”。根据这一规定，并结合我校具体情况，我校博士生入学英语考试既考查学生的语言知识，又注重测试考生的语言应用能力和学术交流能力。

一、 考试方式：笔试

二、 考试成绩：百分制

三、 考试时间：180 分钟四、 试卷的难易程度：CET4-6 级之间五、 考试内容与考试结构试题分五个部分，包括词汇与语法、完形填空、阅读理解、 翻译 (汉译英、英译汉)和写作。（一）题型及分值分布 题号 名称 题量 分值 时间（分钟） I 词汇与语法 15 15 20 II 完形填空 20 10 30 III 阅读理解 15 30 40 IV 翻译(汉译英、英译汉) 2 20 40 V 写作 1 25 50 总计 53 100 180 （二）各部分说明 1、词汇与语法（Vocabulary and Grammar）：（1）测试目的：测试考生掌握词汇、短语及基本语法概念的熟练程度。 （2）测试要求：掌握并能正确运用从事学术研究与交流所需要的语法知识；认知 15,000 词，并且能正确、熟练地运用其中的 8,000 个单词及其最基本的搭配。 2、完形填空(Cloze): (1) 测试目的: 测试考生综合运用语言的能力。 (2) 测试要求: 完形填空是指在一篇语义连贯的文章中去掉一些词语，形成空格，要求考生在给出的对应备选答案中，选出一个正确的或最佳的答案，使文章恢复完整。它既考查考生对语法、词汇、习语、句型，搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，又考查考生对短文的阅读理解能力。其中包括在具体的语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力，根据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理、综合判断和分析概括的能力。 3、阅读理解 (Reading Comprehension) （1）测试目的：测试考生通过阅读获取有关信息的能力，考核考生掌握相关阅读策略和技巧的程度。 (2) 测试要求: 要求考生根据所提供文章的内容，从每题所给出的 4 个选项中选出最佳答案。既要求准确性，也要求一定的速度。 4、翻译(汉译英、英译汉) （Translation） （1）测试目的：考查考生的理解和翻译能力。 (2) 测试要求: 汉译英，内容为科学常识性短文，译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅。英译汉，常识性短文，要求译文忠实于原文，汉语流畅。 5、写作 （Writing) （1）测试目的：测试考生用英语表达思想或传递信息的能力及对英文写作基础知识的实际运用。 （2）测试要求: 要求考生按照命题、所给提纲或背景图、表写出一篇不少于 300 个单词的英文短文。附：考试样卷 江西理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语样卷 Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Grammar （1’×15=15’） Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. 1. I'm very sorry to have _______ you with so many questions on such an occasion. A. interfered B. offended C. impressed D. bothered 2. Our son doesn't know what to _______ at the university; he can't make up his mind about his future. A. take in B. take up C. take over D. take after 3. In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total ____for living expenses. A. acceptable B. available C. advisable D. applicable 4. The newspaper did not mention the _____ of the damage caused by the fire. A. range B. level C. extent D. quantity 5. When he arrived, he found ____ the aged and the sick at home. A. none but B. none other than C. nothing but D. no other than 6. People who refuse to _____with the law will be punished. A. obey B. conceal C. consent D. comply 7. The drowning child was saved by Dick’s ______ action. A. acute B. profound C. alert D. prompt 8. If you are told something _____, you are expected not to pass on the information to anyone else. A. secretively B. specially C. individual D. confidentially 9. He was connecting wires to a complicated type of electric plug, ____ requires a good deal of patience. A. which B. a task which C. about which D. this job which 10. ____ were closed down owning to the economic depression. A. These both of companies B. These both companies C. Both these companies D. These of both companies 11. The project _______ by the end of 2015, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished 12. The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as _____. A. possibly little nourishment B. nourishment possibly little C. little as possible nourishment D. little nourishment as possible 13. _____ mural art of painter Charles Alston that has established his reputation and insured his fame. A. The B. That the C. It is the D. Since the 14. Ben would have studied medicine if he _____ to a medical school. A. could be able to enter B. had been admitted C. was admitted D. were admitted 15. Many students have trouble _____ without some guidelines and occasional hints. A. getting started to write B. to get started to write C. to get starting to write D. being get to start to write Part Ⅱ Cloze （0.5’×20=10’） Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one. Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed 1 over the centuries. During the 1950's and 1960's especially, increased attention has been devoted to 2 the reading process. 3 specialists agree that reading 4 a complex organization of higher mental 5 , they disagree 6 the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, 7 reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand 8 . These authorities 9 hat meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is 10 related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 11 their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, 12 some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 13 reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 14 .By some expert they would not be 15 as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one uses. By the most 16 and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 17 the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 18 , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do 19 widely and enthusiastically. 20 reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas. 1. A. substantively B. substantially C. substitutive D. subjectively 2. A. define and describe B. definition and description C. defining and describing D. have defined and described 3. A. Although B. If C. Unless D. Until 4. A. involves B. involves to C. is involved D. involves of 5. A. opinions B. effects C. manners D. functions 6. A. of B. about C. for D. into 7. A. view B. look C .reassure D. agree 8. A. by B. to C. off D .for 9. A. content B. contend C. contempt D. contact 10. A. inexplicably B. inexpressibly C. inextricably D. inexpediently 11. A. interpreting B. saying C. explaining D. reading 12. A. like B. for example C. according to D. as 13. A. sometimes B. might C. practical D. actually 14. A. entire B. entirety C. entirely D. entity 15. A. classed B. granted C. classified D. graded 16. A. inclusive B. inclinable C. conclusive D. complicated 17. A. break up B. elaborate C. define D. unlock 18. A. purposes B. degrees C. stages D. steps 19. A. such B. so as C. so D. such as 20. A. By the way B. In short C. So far D. On the other hand Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2’×15=30’） Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Passage 1 The Internet has come a long way from its origins as a research network. Today, users routinely listen to radio broadcast across the net, download short videos from the World Wide Web and access information from thousands of government and private databases. But the fortuitous success and growth of the Internet has severely strained the functional limits of the Internet protocol as well as the underlying router networks. Of even greater concern are the new applications in the offing which require far more facilities than the network now provides. Internet commerce, gigabyte file transfer, live video transmission, secured email/data and voice/video conferencing are just a few of the applications that Internet service providers are coming out with, the smorgasbord promises to choke an already overloaded network. Simply adding bandwidth to the Internet backbones is not an answer. It will only raise the cost of admission for everyone. Fortunately, there is a way to clear up the Internet current bandwidth bottleneck while providing a rich platform for tomorrow’s services. The solution is ATM. To see how ATM can facilitate the evolution of the Internet, we will look at the challenges the Internet currently faces and consider how ATM can play a role in overcoming them. Before users start conducting business on the Internet and sending mission critical data across it, the network’s reliability will have to match that of telephone circuits. The current best effort approach yields an environment which is too unstable for mission critical data. Random congestion on router backbones can cause IP packet discards whenever the volume of traffic exceeds the bandwidth capacity---- a phenomenon experts facetiously refer to as “pump and pray networking”. The ability of ATM networks to separate mission critical traffic from Internet noise via virtual circuits is the first step in identifying non-discardable traffic as it transits the network. The second step is using ATM’s Available Bit rate service class ---- a system in which network switches continuously update end stations on the available network bandwidth. ABR thereby allows end devices to maximize the usage of network resources without the risk of congestion. Business users of the Internet are assured safe passage of their data. Because these virtual circuits are able to match the reliability of leased lines, service providers are able to charge a premium for such facilities, while keeping regular access inexpensive. 1. What is the “ the long way” that the Internet has come? A. The accidental success of the Internet. B. The large quantity of information provided by the Internet. C. The growth of the Internet function. D. The downloading of short videos. 2. “ Smorgasbord” in “ the smorgasbord promises to choke an already overloaded network” means ________. A. more facilities B. the router networks C. the functional limits D. new and various applications 3. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Adding bandwidth to the Internet is a solution which will cost more. B. The rich platform provided by ATM is a kind of hardware. C. ATM makes the development of the Internet easier. D. The network is overloaded because of the growth of the Internet applications. 4. The tone of the author is _______ when referring to the phrase “ pump and pray networking”. A. humorous B. skeptical C. critical D. satirical 5. At the end of the article, the author seems to suggest that ________. A. ATM will not benefit the business users since the service will be charged B. the leased lines are more reliable than the virtual circuits C. ATM will be widely applied for its reliability and inexpensiveness D. there are two steps in fixing the non-discardable traffic Passage 2 Moderate drinking reduces stroke risk, study confirms. Similar to the way a drink or two a day protects against heart attacks, moderate alcohol consumptions wards off strokes, a new study found. The study also found that the type of alcohol consume---beer, wine or liquor---was unimportant. Any of them, or a combination, was protective, researchers reported in today’s Journal of the American Medical Association. “No study has shown benefit in recommending alcohol consumption to those who do not dink”, cautioned the authors, led by Dr. Ralph L. Sacco of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. But the new data supports the guidelines of the National Stroke Association, which say moderate drinkers, may protect themselves from strokes by continuing to consume alcohol, the authors said. The protective effect of moderate drinking against heart attack is well established, but the data has been conflicting about alcohol and strokes, the author said. The new study helps settle the question and is the first to find blacks and Hispanic benefit as well as whites, according to the authors. Further research is needed among other groups, such as Asian, whom past studies suggest may get no stroke protection from alcohol or may even be put at greater risk. Among groups where the protective effect exists, its mechanism appears to differ from the protective effect against heart attacks, which occurs through boosts in level of so-called ”good” cholesterol, the authors said. They speculated alcohol may protect against stroke by acting on some other blood trait, such as the tendency of blood platelets to clump, which is key in forming the blood clots that can cause strokes. The researchers studied 677 New York residents who live in the northern part of Manhattan and had strokes between July 1, 1993, and June 1997. After taking into account differences in other factors that could affect stroke risk, such as high blood pressure, the researchers estimated that subjects who consumed up to two alcoholic drinks daily were only half as likely to have suffered clot-type strokes as non-drinkers. Clot-type strokes account for 80 percent of all strokes, a leading cause of US death and disability. Stroke risk increased with heavier drinking. At seven drinks per day, risk was almost triple that of moderate drinkers. An expert spokesman for the American Heart Association, who was not involved in the study, said it was well-done and important information. But it shouldn’t be interpreted to mean, “ I can have two drinks and therefore not worry about my high blood pressure or worry about my cholesterol,” said Edgar J. Kenton, an associate professor of clinical neurology at Thomas Jefferson University Medical College in Philadelphia. Instead, he said, the study provides good reason to do further research and to add alcohol to the list of modifiable risk factors for stroke. 6. The new study conducted by Dr. Sacco and his colleagues is unique in that________. A. it refutes early studies on the protective effects of moderate drinking against heart attack B. it conforms early studies of moderate drinking against heart attacks C. it helps to resolve the disputes over the effect of moderate drinking against stroke D. it finds that moderate drinking can benefit people of different races equally well 7. According to Dr. Sacco,___________. A. different wines work differently on drinkers at stroke risk B. non-drinkers should also consume a moderate amount of alcohol C. drinkers should keep to one kind of alcohol to ward off strokes D. moderate alcohol consumption protects against strokes 8. Which of the following statements is true about the effect of drinking against strokes? A. Moderate drinking protects against heart attacks and strokes in different ways. B. Even heavy drinkers suffer less chance of a stroke than non-drinkers. C. Alcohol works only on patients who suffer clot-type strokes to protect them. D. White people re more likely to benefit from moderate drinking than nonwhites. 9. From the fourth paragraph we learn that ________. A. heart attacks are more likely caused by alcohol than stroke B. moderate drinking discourages blood platelets from clotting C. boosting the levels of good cholesterol can lead to heart attacks D. moderate drinking protects people by making the blood cell clump 10. What is said in the last paragraph by Dr. Kenton indicates that ________. A. he is in serious doubt about the validity of the study B. drinking alone can not protect against stroke C. people should add alcohol to their daily diet D. the study has not established a relation between drinking and high blood pressure Passage 3 There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists”. And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people's work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a “trained” man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist——and especially the administrator——deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an "educated" man: and the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during you training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly. Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you——but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee. 11. There is an increasing demand for_____. A. all-round people in their own fields. B. people whose job is to organize other people’s work. C. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional. D. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others. 12. The specialist is____. A. a man whose job is to train other people. B. a man who has been trained in more than one field. C. a man who can see the forest rather than the trees. D. a man whose concern is mainly with, technical or professional matters. 13. The administrator is____. A. a "trained" man who is more a specialist than a generalist. B. a man who sees the trees as well as the forest. C. a man who is very strong in the humanities. D. a man who is an "educated" specialist. 14. During your training period, it is important____. A. to try to be a generalist. B. to choose a profitable job. C. to find an organization which fits you. D. to decide whether you are fit to be a. specialist or a generalist. 15. A man’s first job____. A. is never the right job for him. B. should not be regarded as his final job. C. should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job. D. is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job. Part Ⅳ Translation (20’) Directions: Translate the following two passages from Chinese into English and from English into Chinese respectively. Section A Translate the following into English. (10’) 离子型稀土矿浸取工艺对资源、环境影响摘 要：离子型稀土矿(ion-adsorption rare earth)采用堆浸(heap leaching)和原地浸矿(in-situ leaching)等生产工艺，均会造成一定的环境破坏和资源损失。为了更好比较堆浸和原地浸矿工艺造成的资源环境损失差异，基于堆浸和原地浸矿生产工艺原理，将离子型稀土矿采选造成的资源损失分为暂时性损失和永久性损失，把环境破坏分为显性破坏(explicit damage)（如植被破坏、水土流失等）和隐性破坏(implicit damage)（如地下水污染），将资源损失和环境破坏按可控程度（controllability）进行分类；在此基础上对堆浸和原地浸矿生产工艺造成的资源与环境影响进行综合比较；最后，提出相关建议。关键词：离子型稀土；堆浸；原地浸矿；资源损失；环境破坏 Section B Translate the following passage into Chinese. (10’) There is a growing problem of what to do with electronic waste such as old televisions, computers, radios, cellular telephones and other electronic equipment. Electronic trash, known as e-waste, is piling up faster than ever in American homes and businesses. People do not know what to do with old televisions or computers so they throw them in the trash. National Solid Wastes Management Association state programs director Chaz Miller says the large amount of electronic waste Americans generate is not unexpected. "We have so many electronic products that we use," said Miller. "They are being far more widely distributed throughout the population of the country and they tend to have relatively short life spans. Cell phones that last two or three years, computers that last maybe two or three years before they get replaced." The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates more than 400 million consumer electronic items are dumped each year, and there is a push by more states to ban the waste from landfills and create recycling programs. Part V. Writing (25’) Directions: For this part, you are to write a composition of no less than 300 words on Income Sources between Chinese and American Students. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to: 1.Describe the differences of the income sources between Chinese and American students. 2. Analyze possible reasons for these differences. 3. Predicate future tendency. Source of Income Percentage of Total Income Parents Part-time job Fellowship or Scholarship American students 50% 35% 15% Chinese students 90% 5% 5%