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新编日语教程3第13课翻译篇一
she shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford.2.除了向我要东西,他从不跟我说话。
he never speaks to me other than to ask for something.3.你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。
you should always aim at doing your job well.4.几个星期来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。
she has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father.5.修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。
the route was designed to relieve traffic congestion.6.社会是由形形色色的人组成的。有些人很好,有些人很坏,也有些人介乎两者之间。
society is made up of a wide variety of people;some are good, others(are)bad, and still others(are)in 2 5
1.这个星期你每天都迟到,对此你如何解释?
how do you account for the fact that you've been late every day this week?
2.政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。
the government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas.3.据最新报道,这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。
according to the latest report, the train accident resulted in the death of several passengers.4.多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。
plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.5.他试图竞争学校学生会主席,但是没有成功。
he attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the students' union, but he didn't get in / succeed.6.经过一年辛勤的努力,公司本目标全部达成。
throughout one-year industrious work, the company has achieved all its goals this 3
5.1.盗贼从这家银行偷走了一大笔现金。
the thieves made off with a large sum of money from the bank.2.高血压使千百万人有患心脏病的危险。
high blood pressure places millions of people at the risk of heart disease.3.在做任何重要决定之前都要慎重思考。
think twice before you make any important decisions.4.非洲大陆的一大片区域有变成沙漠的危险。a large part of the african continent is in danger of becoming a desert.5.他从来没有给我提出过解决问题的好方法。
not once has he suggested a good way to deal with any 4
1.在文化交流中,误解常常是不可避免的。
in cultural exchanges, misunderstanding is often unavoidable.2.在英国留学的几年中,我有机会见到了不同国籍的留学生。
in my few years of study in britain, j bad chances to meet students of all sorts of nationalities.3.在西方国家,向老师赠送圣诞节贺卡,是一种常见的表达敬意的方式。
in western countries, it is a common way for students to send christmas cards to teachers to show their respect.4.老师望着我,脸上露出不解的表情。
my teacher looked at me, with a puzzled expression on the face.5.我们都十分清楚,市场竞争是非常残酷的。
we are all aware that competition in the market is very fierce.6.一些汉语习语被译成英语后,会使一些英语读者感到很吃惊。
when some chinese idioms are translated into english, their meanings may startle some readers of 6 5.1.这几家公司签署了一项新的协议。
these companies entered into a new agreement.2.一家大规模生产移动电话的公司已经建立。
a company has been set up to produce mobile phones on a large scale.3.这次事故造成两名乘客死亡。
this accident resulted in the death of two passengers.4.我们最好将房子投保火险。
we'd better insure the house against fire.5.因不经心造成的任何损坏须由借用者赔偿。
any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the 7 5.1.他们试图离开营地,但被大雪捆住了。
they attempted to leave the camp but were stopped by the heavy snow.2.由于开车速度太快而引起的交通事故在不断增加。accidents due to driving too fast are on the increase.3.他们在相同的环境下长大,因此在举止上有很多的共同点。
they grew up in the same environment, so their behaviors had much in common.4.和山区的孩子相比,我们就幸运多了,能有机会使用计算机。
in contrast to children in the mountainous areas, we are lucky to have access to computers.5.我们对他过于繁琐的讲述他过去的荣誉感到厌烦。
we were bored at hearing her dwelling so much on her past glories.6.你必须有成功的欲望并努力争取实现。
you must have the appetite for success and try hard to realize 1 best way to guard against tooth decay is through brushing teeth every day.预防蛀牙的最佳方法是每天刷牙。
the best way to guard against infection is through vaccination.预防传染的最佳办法是注射疫苗。
purpose of the book is to introduce the basic knowledge of engineering.本书旨在介绍工程学的基本知识。
the purpose of the competition is to provide university students with a stage to demonstrate their skills and knowledge.本次比赛的目的是为大学生提供展示自己的舞台。
is possible only when the wheels stop turning.这只有在轮子停止转动时才有可能。
this is possible only when the weather is fine.只有当天气晴好时这才可能。
terms of economy, nations can be divided into two groups: developed countries and developing countries.就经济而言,国家可分为两种:发达国家和发展中国家。
the pie can be divided into five pieces so that everyone gets piece.这张饼可分为五份,让每人有一份。
should try our best to reduce the mistakes resulting from carelessness.我们应尽量减少因粗心大意而造成的错误。
they are assessing the loss resulting from the air crash.他们正在评估这次空难造成的损失。
unit2 seems to know the way better than i do.他好象比我还熟悉那条路。
his voice seemed to have disturbed her.他的声音好像打扰了她。
carelessness led to this accident.他的粗心大意导致了这场车祸。
hard work leads to success.努力工作是成功之路。
3.i was assigned to a small room when i started my work in the college.当我到大学工作时,他们分给我一个单人房间。
each of us was assigned to a holiday homework by the teacher.老师给我们每人一份假期作业。
't leave until i arrive.当我到达之前不要离开。
i won't stop shouting until you let me go.你让我走,我才停止喊叫。
eyes were irritated by the smoke.烟熏得我眼睛怪难受的。
the boss was irritated by the clerk's rude behavior.老板对职员的粗鲁行为很恼火。
it came his turn, he rose from his seat.轮到他时,他就从座位上站起来。
when it comes to drawing a plan, leave it to me.至于制定计划,就交给我吧。
d of improving, he is getting worse.他不是在好转,而是在恶化。
they built a reservoir halfway up the mountain instead of at the top.他们不是在山顶而是在半山腰修建了一个水库。
unit3 there is a problem, we never point fingers at each other.如果出现问题,我们从不互相指责。
they pointed fingers at one another for failing to prevent the disaster.他们因没能防止那场灾难而互相指责。
is highly unlikely that this problem will be solved in the near future.这个问题不太可能在近期得到解决。
it was highly unlikely that she would do that kind of thing.她不太可能做出那样的事。
computer virus is spreading, and all online users are at risk.这种计算机病毒正在传播,所有上网用户都有被感染的危险。
the economy is very depressed at the moment, which puts more jobs at risk.目前该国的经济十分的萧条,这使得更多的就业机会面临丧失的危险。4.i advised him to think twice before deciding to quit school.我劝他在决定退学前再仔细考虑一番。
always think twice before paying out large sums of money.支付大笔款项时总要三思而行。
it be that more people will ride bikes to work? 是否有可能更多的人会骑自行车上班呢?
could it be that i was too close to the situation to see it clearly?.是否有可能由于我离得太近而看不清形势呢?
unit4 6.1.在某种意义上来说,你犯那个错误我倒是很高兴,因为那个错误会对你起警戒作用。
in a way, i'm glad you made that mistake, for it will serve us waming to you.我建议你买那张多用途沙发,因为它可以作为床用。
my suggestion is that you should buy that multifunctional sofa because it may serve as a bed.2.这个学校最早是一个社区学院,现在已经成为这个州的最著名的大学之一了。
this school began as a community college and has grown to one of the most famous universities in the state.哥伦比亚于1938年从一个家庭作坊的帽子销售商发家,现在已经成为世界上最大的户外品牌。
columbia began as a family owned hat distributorship in 1938, and has grown into one of the world's largest outerwear brands.3.我们的目标成为经营业绩最好和最被羡慕者之一。
our mission is to be one of the leaders in performance running and one of the most admired.我们公司的承诺是将国内产品介绍给全世界的消费者。
the commitment of our company is to introduce the products of our country to the customers throughout the world.4.奢侈品成为一个驱使现代人去寻求个人意义和满足的概念。
luxury is becoming a concept rooted in our modem drive to find personal meaning and satisfaction.在历史上,“价值”自身是一个植根于理性和道德观念上的概念。
in history, “value” is itself a human concept rooted in rational and moral principles.5.校长鼓励我们每天阅读专业相关书籍一小时以提高自身素质。
our president encourages us to improve ourselves by reading an hour a day in our fields.新的研究表明,吸烟者减少吸烟可以减低患心脏病的危险。
according to a new research, smokers can reduce their risk for heart disease by cutting down on smoking cigarettes.9.这一方法证明是非常成功的。
this method proved to be very successful.我们生了病才知道健康的价值。
we had to know the worth of health,until we are ill.这种表演很受大学生的欢迎。
the kind of performance is very popular with college students.人们认识到吸烟有害健康。
it is recognized that smoking is bad for health.学习一件事情的最好方法是去做这件事。learn a thing is the best way to do it.他们将和来自全世界的游泳选手进行比赛。
they will compete with swimmers from all of the words.我们不能解决所有问题,但肯定能减轻他们的痛苦。
we can't solve all problems, but so affirmation can ease their suffering.那天晚上我玩的很开心,晚会上的其他人也都一样。
that night i had good time,so did everyone else at the 6 6
1.儿子在家看dvd而父母却在田里辛勤劳作。
the son was watching dvd at home while the parents were working in the fields.你喜欢体育,而我更喜欢音乐。you like sports, while i prefer music.2.在配偶的收入基础上纳税者可以选择以下三种方式计算应付的税额。
the following are three ways a taxpayer may choose from to calculate the tax due on his/her spouse's salary.可供选择的cd版本太多了,我不知道哪一个版本更好。
there are so many different cd versions to choose from and i have no idea which is the best.3.老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。
the old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.研究者在没有检验任何其他因素的情况下得出结论,认为喝茶有益健康。
the researchers have concluded that drinking tea does good to the health of people without examining any other factors.4.在这样紧急的情况下,投资的重点应该是机器而不是建筑。
in such an urgent situation, the focus of our investment should be on new machinery rather than building.我做事总喜欢赶早而不愿意把事情拖到最后。
i always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.5.今晚的电视没什么看的,都是些垃圾节目。
there's nothing on tv tonight, other than rubbish.因为桥上个月坍塌了,你只能游泳过河了。
because the bridge collapsed last month, you can't get across other than by swimming.i know him?
unit7 answer may lie in the fact that there are large numbers of graduates in this field.答案可能是:在这个领域有大量的毕业生。
the root of their poverty lies in the fact that they have received little education.她们贫穷的根源是:接受的教育太少。
all wealthy people live a happy life.并不是所有的有钱人都过着幸福的生活。
not all students attended the lecture.并不是所有的学生都来听讲座。
must be appreciated that there are a lot of difficulties on your way to success.必须要懂得在你走向成功的路上有许多困难。
it must be appreciated that your dress can be changed, whereas your disposition is inborn.必须要意识到你的衣着可以改变,而你的气质是天生的。
er the difference is, there is one factor in commonthey come from the same background.无论有什么不同,有一点是共同的——他们的文化背景相同。
is a misconception that boys are cleverer than girls in most respects.有一种错误的观念,认为在大多数方面男孩子都比女孩子聪明。
there is a misconception that a blind person cannot draw.有一种错误的观念,认为盲人不能作画。
新编日语教程3第13课翻译篇二
(新编汉英翻译教程陈宏薇)
第4章 句子的英译
在汉英翻译实践中,我们明确了关键词语的选择后,就要考虑句子的构建了。
如前文所述,句子是较为理想的汉英翻译单位。从“汉英句法对比”中我们得知,由于思维方式的差异,汉语和英语的句子概念不同,句子类型的划分不同,句子组合的机制也不同。
汉语为语义型语言,着力考究“字”与语义及其相关关系,注重内容的意会性。因此,汉语的句法特征是:主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当,主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见;谓语的成分非常复杂,且不受主语支配,没有人称、数、时态的变化;句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。所以汉语句子看似松散,如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言,重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类,句子结构受形式逻辑制约,注重形式的严谨。partridge(1954:9)认为“英语句子十句有九句是按主谓宾配列的”。刘宓庆先生也认为,任何英语语句都可以完形为主谓统携全句的基本态势。因此,英语句法的特征是:主语突出、易于识别,且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任;谓语绝对受主语的支配,在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致,有时态、语态和语气的变化;句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连。所以英语依法构句,形式完整而严密。
在汉英翻译中,要牢记以上汉英语言之间的差异,记住英语是主语显著语言(subject-prominent language),英语句子构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上。因此,选择确定主谓语,是成功构句,保证译文与原文功能相似、语义相符的关键。
4.1主语的确定
在汉译英的实践中,对主语的确定可采取三种处理方法:(1)以原句主语作译文主语;(2)重新确定主语;(3)增补主语。
4.1.1以原句主语作译文主语
英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。当汉语原文有明确的主语,而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时,我们可以原句主语作为英译文的主语:如:
(1)我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。
our house was built over a hundred years ago.(2)我是北京人。
i come from beijing.(3)如果不适当地处理,锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.(4)假日里,青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。
the young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.(5)然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。
miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.(《鲁迅全集》第二卷,杨宪益、戴乃迭等)(6)如果说,词汇是语言的“建筑材料”,那么,句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
if vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are “fundamental parts” of writings.(朱伯石《写作与语言》,李定坤译)例6中,原文的主语“句子”不带数的标记,英译时,其对应词sentence为可数名词,译者从语境和英语语法规则考虑,选取了复数形式sentences,而不是单数的a sentence或the sentence,作为该句的主语。
(7)邮差先生走到街上来,手里拿着一大把信。在这小城里他兼任邮务员、售票员,但仍旧有许多剩余时间,每天戴上老花镜,埋头在公案上剪裁花样。
n would walk up the street with a bundle of letters in his g in a small town as postman and stamp seller, he still had lots of spare day he would sit bending over his desk scissor-cutting flower patterns, wearing a pair of glasses for farsighted old people.(师陀《邮差先生》,张培基译)
《邮差先生》描写了一个善良、敬业的乡村老邮递员,语言浅白平实。原文含两个句子。前一句为开篇句,以“邮差先生”作主语,直点文章主人公;后一句没有重复“邮差先生”,而以代词“他”指代。译文保留原文主语,对应译为n和he。此外,译者将第二句分成两句,均以he作主语。译文信息准确,逻辑清晰,行文简洁明了。
(8)中国有两点是靠得住的,一是讲原则,二是说话算数。(邓小平)
china can be counted other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.原文为一个复句,译者根据英文行文的需要,将其拆译作两句:前一句中保留了原主语china(中国);第二句含两个并列分句,从形式上看,原文对应部分没有(也无此必要)明示主语,译者根据语义分析,添补了代词it(指代china)作主语,译文连贯、符合逻辑。
(9)人有失错,马有漏蹄。
as a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.译文虽照搬了原主语,但句子结构有变化:语序倒换了。原文意合,译文形合。(10)欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛,从街道上汹涌而过。
the jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.值得提醒的是,由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯存在巨大差异,汉语主语并非总能完全对应地转换到英语中。直接将汉语原文主语作为英语译文主语的做法最简洁方便,但它运用的场合是有限的。初学者常犯的毛病是不假思索,照搬原文主语,下笔便译,结果译文虽然在形式上可能与原文相似,意义却相去甚远,行文也生硬,不符合英语的表达习惯。在翻译实践中,我们应根据英美人的思维方式、语言习惯、语境和行文需要,对主语的确定加以慎重考虑。如果保留原主语的做法不妥,我们就要另觅他法了。
4.1.2重新确定主语
在许多情况下,我们需要重新选择和确定主语,以保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语言自然地道,行使与原文相似的功能。用来替换原主语的,可以是句中其他成分,也可以是句外的词语。如:
(11)他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色。
he was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of red sandalwood.(吴强《红日》,译)
该例原文充分体现了汉语注重内容的意会性,以意驭形的特点。从形式上看,名词“身材”是句中主语,但从随后三个部分的内容来看,“生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色”的应该是“他”而不是“身材”。译者根据英语语言逻辑严密的特点,将原为定语的“他(的)”改作主语he,随后表语中三个with + a(+ adj.)+ noun的结构排列,内容连贯,形式衔接匀称,读来朗朗上口。(12)①鲁迅的骨头是最硬的,②他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨,③这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。
lu hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.原文由意义上相互联系,结构上却相对独立的三个小句组成复句。主语分别是名词“骨头”、代词“他”和“这”。译者将①②合为一个分句,改原来作定语的“鲁迅”为主语,同时舍弃了“骨头是最硬的”这个在汉语中比喻人的品格“刚正不阿”的形象,以a man of unyielding integrity这一意译的方式取而代之;“性格”(this quality)一词原在句③充当谓语的述宾结构中作宾语,现改作主语,译文曲尽原意,语言自然。如若照搬原文主语,结果会怎样?试比较以下译文:
lu hsun's bones were the hardest;he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.死译硬译,典型的中式英语。
(13)幸亏这些青年妇女,白洋淀长大的,她们摇得小船飞快。小船活像开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼。it was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river: their boat went like the shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.(孙犁《白洋淀》,戴乃迭译)
将their boat替换“她们”作主语,是便于与后一句的it(指“小船”)照应。(14)世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。
turn of the century finds china most active on the diplomatic the turn of the century, china is very active in its diplomatic activities.有比较就有鉴别。将the turn(of the century)替换原主语“中国”的译文a,比照搬原主语的译文b地道,有韵味。
(15)一九**年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,使世界大为震惊。's first atomic blast in october, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the october, 1964, china blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.此例中,以原来作谓语的“爆炸”(blast)取代原主语“中国”(china)的译文a,亦胜过照搬原主语的译文b。
(16)胎又瘪了。
we've got another flat tire.该例汉语原文和英译文,都是各自语言中的习惯表达方式。两种表达方式的区别,典型地反映了汉英思维方式和语言叙述角度的差异。译文中连主语带谓语(we've got)都是译者增添的。若照原文亦步亦趋,译作the tire turns flat again.语法倒是不错,英美人乍一听,可能会楞上一阵。
(17)树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光,没精打采的,是渴睡人的眼。here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dozing.(朱自清《荷塘月色》,王椒升译)
(18)人不可貌相,海水不可斗量。 is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.(刘鹗《老残游记》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
can't judge people from their appearance, just as we can't measure the ocean by pints.两个译文均新觅主语,替换了“人”和“海水”。
4.1.3增补主语 本节开头提到,汉语中,主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可见。译成英语,则必须依照英语的规则,将主语增补起来。增补主语的原则,一是要推敲语境,二是要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
(19)到了济南府,进得城来,家家泉水,户户垂杨,比那江南风景,觉得更为有趣。when he reached jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.(刘鹗《老残游记》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
原文主语被隐去。从上下文可知,这“到了济南府,进得城来”的是故事主人公老残,所以增添he作从句的主语;主句用there be...句型,加上随后的定语从句(which delighted him)中的him与前面的he照应,译文语法严整。原文意合,译文补出连词when和关系代词which,化意合为形合。
(20)沉默呵,沉默呵!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡。silence, silence!unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!(鲁迅《纪念刘和珍君》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
添补包括作者和读者在内的we作主语,成功地传达了鲁迅对反动派屠杀进步人士的愤慨,对国家及民众前途和命运的担忧,还有他激励人民奋起反抗的呐喊。主语的增补使译文再现了原文的信息功能和表情功能。
(21)起大风了。it's blowing hard.汉语中表自然现象的句子多为无主语句,如“下雨了”、“下雪了”、“打雷了”等。汉译英时,要依照英语的习惯,增添it作主语:“it's raining”、“it's snowing”、“it's thundering”。
(22)用劳动实现自己的理想,用理想指导自己的劳动。
you realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.(陈毅《赠郭沫若同志》)
(23)不懂就是不懂,不要装懂。不要摆官架子。钻进去,几个月,一年两年,三年五年,总可以学会的。
we must not pretend to know when we do not must not put on bureaucratic we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or two, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.(毛泽东《论人民民主专政》,北京外文出版社1961年版译文)
(24)出了院门,四顾一望,并无二色,远远的是青松翠竹,自己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下,顺着山脚刚转过去,已闻得一股含香扑鼻,回头一看,却是妙玉那边栊翠庵中有十数株红梅,如胭脂一般,映着雪色,分外显得精神,好不有趣。
once outside his own gate he gazed was white except for some green pines and emerald bamboos in the distance, so that he had the sensation of being in a crystal he rounded the foot of the slope he smelt a cold fragrance and, looking over his shoulder, saw a dozen or so crimson plum trees in green lattice nunnery where miaoyu lived, their blossom, red as rouge, reflected in the snow and remarkably vivid against it.(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
原文写宝玉踏雪前往芦雪庭赴姐妹们诗会之约一路所见。该例由典型的流水句组成。文章从宝玉的角度,描述了他眼中看到的大观园一夜瑞雪后,银装素裹,青松翠竹,红梅吐蕊的美景。例中各部分的主语几乎全部隐去。译文遵循英语语法要求,将主语话隐为显,根据语境分别增添了he、all、he、he、he担任三个主句和两个状语从句的主语。
4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题
汉语句子中谓语成分五花八门,非常复杂,而英语句子中的谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语承担。汉译英时,有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语,但多数情况下,我们往往既不能照搬原文主语,也不能照搬原文谓语,而须作调整,或新觅谓语。
谓语的确定与主语的选择密切相关。从思维步骤来看,主、谓语的确定互为因果。译者根据语义传达和行文构句的需要,在确定译文主语的时候,也在考虑谓语动词的选择,或者反过来,译者可能先想好了谓语动词,再来选择主语。两种确定的顺序,孰先孰后很难分清。
谓语的选择和确定,须兼顾表意和构句的二重需要,即考虑英语语法规范、搭配习惯和逻辑关系等问题。所谓“表意的需要”,指选择谓语时,除考虑该词语本身能否准确传达原文意义外,还要关照其与主语的语义关联,亦即逻辑的关联,以及主谓词语的搭配。
此外,谓语动词和宾语的搭配,连系动词和表语的搭配,以及这两种搭配产生的修辞效果,也都影响和制约谓语的选择。而“构句的需要”,则指谓语的确定必须符合英语句法的需要,必须遵循主谓一致的原则,符合英语语法规范。实际翻译中,“表意”与“构句”问题无法截然分开,但为了方便起见,我们将它们分列在两小节讲述。
4.2.1谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 1.考虑谓语表意的需要时,首先要看它能否准确传达原意,表意是否贴切。比较以下译文:(1)中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the central government has never intervened in the affairs of the hksar.两个译文以不同的动词短语作谓语。译文a中has refrained from意为“克制自己不去干预”,而译文b中has never intervened in意为“中央政府从不去干预也不想干预香港特别行政区的事务”。从表意的妥帖与准确性来看,我们应该选后者而不是前者。
(2)中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
economy of china will merge into the tide of the world economy of china will converge with that of the world.译文a与b各选择merge into和converge with译“融入”一词,充当谓语。前者含“消没在„„之中”之意,而后者含“与„„融合在一起”之意。此处,译文b谓语的选择是恰当的。
(3)这事到了现在,还是时时记起。
now, this remains fresh in my now, i still often think about this.就原文“还是时时记起”而言,译文a“remains fresh in my memory”比译文b“still often think about”更贴近原文,表达也更加自然地道。
2.考虑谓语表意的需要时,还必须关照其与主语的语义关联以及主谓词语的搭配。请看下列例句:
(4)世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。
turn of the century finds china most active on the diplomatic the turn of the century, china is very active in its diplomatic activities.该例句曾在“主语的确定”部分讲解过。两个译文的主、谓语各不相同,句式结构也迥异。译文a以the turn(of the century)为主语,选择了finds(原句中不存在)作谓语与之搭配,生成了一个表意准确而又合乎英语习惯的句子。这是因为,译者熟悉动词find的用法之一:a time or event finds a particular situation or doing a particular thing(collins cobuild english dictionary),安排在此,正好能传达汉语原文的意义。而译文b亦步亦趋地紧随汉语原文,以china为主语,再按照语法要求,选择了连系动词is(原文中亦无对应表达)加表语very active作谓语。译文b虽然也表意忠实且合乎英语语法,但不及译文a自然地道。
(5)(听说你明天开张,)也许用的着,特意给你送来了。
a.(i hear that you're opening tomorrow.)you may have some use for these things, so i took them along.b.(i hear that you're opening tomorrow.)thought these might come in handy, so i brought them along.(6)现在,连我们也欠饷啊!
adays even our monthly pay is often in ys even we aren't always paid on time.例5和例6情况类似。两译文谓语不同,是由于主语选择有别,表意方面没有大的差异,也都合乎语法规则,但译文b似乎更地道简洁,更贴近原文口语体的色彩。
(7)在同新闻界谈话的时候,上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。
they talk to the press, the shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative can hear shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.译文a紧随原文句子结构,主、谓语的选择与原文完全对应。译文b则不同,其中can hear替代了原谓语“使用”,是因为句中的主语不再是“上海人”,而是泛指人称代词you。两个译文都与原文意义相符,且符合语法规范。不同的是,译文a仅仅陈述事实,语气比较客观;而译文b从旅游观光者的角度表述,带有一定的感情色彩。
(8)(现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化,)他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。
ir words and actions are filled with confidence and are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.译文a和b谓语迥异,也是因为两者主语选择不同。从语法角度看,两个译文都不错。从表意的效果看,译文b理想可取,而译文a则不然。紧跟原文结构的译文a,以无生命的their words and actions(他们的言语和行动)为主语,与谓语are filled with confidence and pride组成句子时,不合英语的逻辑习惯,语义搭配不当,因而不可取。初学者受汉语母语思维习惯的影响,容易犯这类忽略表达逻辑性与语义合理性的毛病。
3.考虑谓语的表意需要时,也须考虑其与宾语的搭配,包括连系动词与表语的搭配,以及该搭配的修辞效果。请看以下例句:
(9)我又闲了一个多月啦!
a.i've been idle for another month r month now and i've had no work.该例原文中,处于述位的“闲”一词意义关键。译文a选择形容词idle译之,采用“系表结构”作谓语。译文b以to have no work译之,采用“谓语动词+宾语”的句式。从意义的传达来看,两个译文都不错。但就文体色彩而言,译文a偏向中性书面语体,而译文b属非正式口语体,效果与原文更接近。
(10)(颐和园)1900年遭八国联军破坏,(至1903年才得以修复)。
palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.该例句两个译文以不同的谓语动词表达了相同的意义。译文a用短语be reduced to...,选择了被动语态的形式。译文b用动词suffer,与宾语ravage搭配,采取了主动语态的形式。该例句说明,有时我们对谓语的处理可以有多种选择。
(11)她们(指“时装模特”)逐渐地镇定下来,有了自信。y gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence, and...lly, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.两个译文都采用了“谓语动词+宾语”的句式结构。两者运用同一名词self-confidence作宾语,但选用的谓语动词有别。译文a选词不妥,因为restore一词意为give back, bring back into use(ldce),与宾语self-confidence搭配不当。而译文b中的谓语regain一词,根据同一词典,意为get or win back,与该宾语搭配恰当,在此是一个合适的选择。
(12)封建社会代替奴隶社会,资本主义代替封建主义,社会主义经历一个过程发展后必然代替资本主义。
feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.(《邓小平选集》第三卷)
原文含三个小句。充当谓语的动词“代替”三次重复,句式工整而对称。译文也由三个简单句组成,都采用动宾结构。译者选择了三个近义词replace、supplant和supersede分别充当三个简单句的谓语,避免了单调重复,使译文衔接紧凑,富于变化,产生了良好的修辞效果。
(13)(一个世纪以来,中国人民在前进道路上经历了三次历史性的巨大变化„„)第一次是辛亥革命,„„第二次是中华人民共和国的成立,„„第三次是改革开放„„
the first change was represented by the revolution of 1911...the second change was marked by the founding of the people's republic of china...the third change was featured by the reform, opening up...(江泽民所作十五大报告)
原文也含三个小句,均为“是„„”字句。译者没有机械照搬原文形式,重复运用连系动词was+表语的形式,而将三个对应部分分别译作was represented by,was marked by和was featured by。它们与介词后的宾语搭配和谐,符合英语习惯,且表意妥帖,表达连贯,表现力丰富。
4.2.2谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
选择谓语时考虑构句的需要,指译文必须遵守英语语法规范,遵循“主谓一致”的原则,保证谓语和主语的人称和数一致,谓语动词时态、语态正确,句式连贯顺畅,表达地道自然。由于汉语的句法特征为意合,其结构比较松散,谓语不受主语支配,且无时态、性、数变化,初学者受汉语母语的干扰,特别容易在这个上出错。有鉴于此,强化语法意识,增强英语句法概念,显得至关重要。
(14)一年年,燕子来了去了 一年年,阶前草绿了黄了
year after year the swallows come and go;year after year the grass before the terrace grows green, yellows.(陈敬容《只要是广阔的世界》,庞秉钧)汉语原文中做主语的“燕子”和“(阶前)草”不带性、数的标记,处于述语位置的“来了去了”和“绿了黄了”也不受时态和性、数的限制。英译文中两个主语,一个 the swallows为复数,另一个the grass不可数(uncountable),用作单数。随后的谓语分别为come and go,和第三人称单数加“s”的grows(green), yellows,与各自的主语一致,符合英语习惯。
(15)九斤老太早已做过八十大寿,仍然不平而且康健。六斤的双丫角,已经成为一支大辫子了。
old under celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints, as hale and hearty as nder's twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.(鲁迅《**》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
汉语动词无时态变化,时态概念通过词汇手段来表达。如句中“早已”、“仍然”、“已经”等副词分别表达“过去”、“现在”和“现在已经完成”等概念。英译文中,谓语动词相应采用过去时celebrated、现在时is和现在完成体have changed,符合英语语法要求。
(16)他给我的印象是,态度非常呆板僵硬,仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棒似的。
he had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.(17)河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红,该是村女种的吧。
the few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.(鲁迅《野草•好的故事》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
汉语中表示“推测”的概念通过词汇手段实现,如例16中“仿佛„„似的”和例17中“该是„„的吧”。英文中,相应的概念均以谓语动词虚拟语气(as though he)had swallowed和must have been planted的形式来表现。
(18)农业搞好了,农民能自给,五亿人口就稳定了。
agriculture is in good shape and the peasants self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.两种译文句式完全相同:原文第一、二小句并列在条件状语从句中,第三小句译作了主句。英语中有一个表达习惯,结构排比的语言单位中,一般都省略其词语相同的部分。译文a基于此,将peasants后的连系动词略去。这样处理就有了问题:第一部分if agriculture is in...中,主语agriculture为第三人称单数,其后的连系动词为is。根据英语用法,peasants后省略的也应该是连系动词is,可这里作主语的peasants为复数,所以省略is的译文a违背了主谓一致的原则,不符合英语规范。译文b在peasants后增加与其数一致的连系动词are,避免了错误。
(19)思想„„ 是炉火,炉火是墙上的树影,是冬夜的声音。thoughts...are the fire in a stove, the fire in a stove is the tree's shadow on the the sound in the winter night.(冯文炳《十二月十九夜》,李定坤译)
该例与例18情况类似。译文遵照英文主谓一致的原则,第一行复数主语thoughts后跟连系动词are。第三行结构与第一、二行完全相同,但由于主语the fire(in a stove)是不可数单数名词,后面的连系动词改为is。第四行与第三行并列且共主语,结构也完全相同,主语the fire in a stove(汉语原文中已省去)连同其后的系动词is一同省略。
(20)关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。
attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.两个译文选词相同,而且都运用了短语pay attention to,但在主语的选择和语序的安排上有区别。根据英语语法规范,选择attention做主语的译文a采用了被动语态,而选择the municipal government做主语的译文b采用了主动语态。由于英语是主语显著语言,做主语的词语往往代表句中最重要的信息,因此,相比之下,译文b语气较平淡,译文a语气较强,所以它更贴近原文。值得注意的是,有些学生将pay attention to短语用于被动语态时,常常会错误地构句为:the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants has been paid full attention to by the municipal government.此类错误应该避免。
(21)液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化,因为液体没有自己的固定形状。换言之,无论你把它放在什么样的容器中,它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。
since a liquid has no definition shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.译文和原文一样含两个主从复合句。遵照英语句法对主谓一致和动词时态、语态的要求,谓语分别译为第三人称单数一般现在时的has和varies、一般现在时被动语态的is poured和将来时态的will take。另外值得一提的是,原文的主句和从句中,主语分别为“形状”、“液体”、“你”和“形状”。译者没有死抠原文,译文中统统以a liquid、the liquid及其代词it作主语。结果,译文逻辑清晰明了,语篇衔接连贯,句子自然顺畅,效果良好。
4.3语序的调整
语序指句子成分的排列次序,它是词语和句子成分之间关系的体现,反映语言使用者的逻辑思维和心理结构模式(陈宏薇,1998)。中国人和以英语为母语的民族思维模式有共性也有个性,表现在语序上,汉语和英语的表达模式有同也有异。
相同之处表现在两者都以“主语+谓语+宾语”(svo)或“施事+行为+受事”为基本语序。如汉语中老子的名句:“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物”,英语中francis bacon的“crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.”都是这种基本语序的典型。
相异之处则表现在语言句内和句间语序的灵活性以及定、状语等次要成分位置的差异。由于差异存在,汉译英时常常需要调整语序。下面,我们根据不同类型的语序差异来讨论语序的调整。
4.3.1句内的语序调整
一、句内主要成分位置的调整
就句子内svo的语序,如施事、行为、受事的位置而言,汉语语序的排列显得比英语更灵活(杨自俭,2000:64)。换言之,施事、行为、受事的位置在汉语中比较自由,在英语中则通常比较固定。汉译英时,需要根据英语习惯进行调整。
(1)中国的批评界怎样的趋势,我却不大了然,也不很注意。
i am not too clear, not too interested, either, regarding current trends in china's literary criticism.原文受事在前,施事、行为在后。译文按照英语语序习惯,将施事,即主语“i”,和表语am not too clear, not too interested的位置提到了前面。
(2)沙发上坐着一个人。a man was sitting on a couch.(3)马可•波罗的中国之行,给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。
the beauty of the west lake in hangzhou was what impressed marco polo most during his trip to china.例2中“一个人”为施事,“坐着”为行为;例3中“杭州西湖之秀美”为施事,“给他留下”为行为。两者皆行为在前,施事在后。译文中都调整为施事在前,行为在后的顺序。
(4)早晨的公园里,遛鸟者时常可见。
in the parks we often see people walk with caged birds in a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a common scene in the early morning.原文省略施事,处在主语位置的“遛鸟者”实际上是受事,“时常可见”是行为。也就是说,原文受事在前,行为在后。两个译文都作了语序调整:译文a增添了人称代词we作主语,按照英文习惯,句子以“施事+行为+受事”的语序排列;译文b的调整更大,有生命的受事“遛鸟者”转化为无生命的现象taking a walk...with caged birds in hand充当译文的主语,行为动词“(时常可)见”被转化为名词a common scene跟随连系动词is之后,句子以“主语+连系动词+表语”的语序排列。就效果而言,译文b的表达更地道,英语的韵味更足。
(5)生日是自己长大以后听家里人说的,„„
i was told about my birthday by my foster-parents when i grew up.(侯宝林《我可能是天津人》,刘士聪译)
原文中,受事“生日”在前,施事“自己”和行为“听„„说的”在后。译文根据英语表达习惯作了调整,语序排列为“主语(i)+谓语(was told about)(被动语态)+介词宾语(my birthday)+状语从句(when i grew up)”。
二、状语位置的调整
汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间,呈“主语→状语→谓语→宾语”模式,有时为了强调,也放在主语之前;英语状语一般出现在宾语后的句尾,呈“主语→谓语→宾语→状语”模式,但也常常也出现在句首、句中或句尾。前面提到,施事、行为、受事的位置在汉语中比较灵活,在英语中比较固定。可作为次要成分的状语的位置,情况正好相反。它在汉语中的位置比较固定,在英语中的位置则比较灵活。有鉴于此,语序的调整也不可避免。
(5)我们明天上午九时动身。
we are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.(6)这本书是三天前买的。
the book was bought three days ago.(7)他每晚都要看电视。
he watches tv every morning.(8)武当山终年云雾缭绕。
seas of clouds enshroud the peaks of throughout the year.以上四例,状语的位置由原来主、谓之间移到了宾语后的句尾。(10)在机器中很多能量是由于部件之间的摩擦而损失的。
in a machine a great deal of energy is lost because of the friction between its parts.原文含两个状语,一个在句首,一个在句中。译成英文后,一个仍在句首,另一个,根据英语习惯,被移到了句尾。
(11)他们很细心地观察化学变化。
y observed the chemical reaction with great observed with great care the chemical reaction.原文的状语放在主谓之间,译成英语时可以置于句尾(如译文a),也可以置于谓语和宾语之间(如译文b)。
(12)他们肩并肩地以疯狂速度向那座石塔奔去。
y ran side by side at a fantastic speed towards the stone by side and at a fantastic speed they ran towards the stone by side they ran at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.同一个汉语句子,可用三个语序不同的英文句子来表达,这是因为英语状语的位置更灵活。三个译文仅在状态的侧重点上有些差别。三、一系列表示时间、地点、方式状语位置的调整
表示时间、地点、方式的状语同时使用时,在汉语中通常排列为“时间→地点→方式→动词”的顺序,而在英语中则通常排列为“动词→方式→地点→时间”的顺序。
(13)大会将于①今年九月②在北京③隆重开幕。
the meeting will begin ③ceremoniously ②in beijing ①the following september.(14)他①每晚②都在图书馆③用心读书。he reads ③hard ②in the library ①every evening.两例原文状语的顺序都是“时间→地点→方式”,译文遵照英语习惯,都颠倒为“方式→地点→时间”。
使用一系列表示时间或地点的状语时,汉语中的顺序通常是由大到小、由远到近,而英语则大体与汉语相反。
(15)他①一九三五年②八月③二十二日④早晨⑤六点三十分诞生在(1)湖南的(2)一个小县城。
he was born(2)in a small town(1)of hunan province ⑤at six thirty ④on the morning of ②august ③22, ①1935.(16)设在位于①纽约市②中心③一座摩天大楼④第四十层楼里的⑤那间办公室,就是他工作的小天地。
⑤the office ④on the fortieth floor ③of a skyscraper ②in the center ①of new york is the world he works in.四、定语位置的调整
汉语的定语总是放在中心词前面。英语定语的位置较汉语灵活。单词作定语时,除少数情况外一般放在中心词之前。较长的定语,如词组或介词短语作定语,则一般放在中心词之后。
(17)浩瀚的大海 the vast sea(18)古老的中原文化
the time-honoured central plain culture(19)举世闻名的万里长城 the world-famous great wall 原文定语前置,译文也一样。
(20)一九四九年解放以前,中国人民曾经遭受①世界罕见的②恶性通货膨胀的灾祸。before liberation in 1949 the chinese people suffered from ②some of the worst inflation ①the world had ever known.原文两个定语都放在中心词“灾祸”之前。译文省略了作宾语的“灾祸”一词,由inflation(通货膨胀)取而代之。两个定语调整为一前一后的位置。
(21)正月十五元宵夜,街上挂着①各式各样②精巧的灯笼。
on the evening of the lantern festival, the 15th of the first lunar month, ②exquisite lanterns ①of diverse designs are hung along the streets.原文两个前置定语在译文中被调整为一前一后的位置,顺序也作了颠倒。汉语中,一系列表示大小不等的事物的词语作定语时,同样是按照从大到小的顺序排列,而英语正好相反。(22)①避暑山庄和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样,②是中国保存最完好的古代建筑群,③也是中国现存规模最大的古典皇家园林。
the summer palace of chengde is one of the three best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural complexes in china, the other two being the forbidden city in beijing and the confucian temple in qufu of shandong province.汉语中的地点“山东曲阜”是先大后小,英语中qufu of shandong province,是先小后大。此外,原文句①中位于主语和谓语中间作状语的“和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样”,在译文中被移到了主句结尾的逗号后面,符合英语表达习惯。
(23)卢沟桥位于北京广安门外约10公里处的丰台区永定河口。
lugou bridge spans the yongding river mouth at fengtai district, about ten kilometers from guanganmenwai street of beijing.就定语“北京广安门外约10公里处”而言,汉语由大到小,英语则恰好相反。汉语中不同类型的词语作定语修饰一个名词时,往往将表明事物本质属性的词语排列在前,将描写性的词语排列在后。而英语相反,越是表明事物本质属性的定语,越是在后紧靠被修饰的中心词。
(24)①中国现存②规模最大、③保存最完好的古代建筑群
③the best-preserved ②magnificent ancient architectural complexes ③in china(25)山东曲阜是①中国②古代③著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。
qufu, shandong province, is the birthplace of confucius, a ③well-renowned ②ancient ①chinese thinker and teacher.4.3.2句间的语序调整
就分句间的相对位置而言,汉语的顺序相对比较固定,一般按照先因后果、语序与时序相一致的顺序排列。而英语则比较灵活,语序与时序常常不相一致。这也是汉译英时需要调整语序的重要原因。
(26)①我走过地板时,②一块板子吱吱作响。a board creaked as i crossed the floor.原文按照先因后果顺序排列,译文正好颠倒过来。它也可以译作when i crossed the floor, a board creaked.(27)①佗用刀刮骨,②悉悉有声。
②the knife made a thin, ①grating sound as it scraped the surface.(罗贯中《三国演义》,moss roberts译)
原文语序与时序一致。译文颠倒了语序,并以the knife(刀)替换了原主语“(华)佗”。译文符合英语习惯,行文也更加连贯。
(28)①如果说白天广州像座翡翠城,②那么当太阳沉没,③广州就成了一颗夜明珠,④灯光如海,⑤千街闪烁。
①if guangzhou is like a city of jadeite in the daytime, ③it becomes a luminous pearl, ④with a sea of lights twinkling ⑤in the streets ②after the sun sets in the west.(碧野《广州抒情》,李定坤译)
原文含5个小句,完全依照时间先后顺序排列。译文重新调整了语序,表达流畅自然。(29)①女主人已经离开人世,②再没有人喂它了。③它好像已经意识到这一点。
③he must have been aware ②that nobody was going to feed him ①after the death of his mistress.(季羡林《加德满都的狗》,张培基译)
原文是典型的汉语语序。译文将原文的三个小句并成了一句,语序恰好相反,符合英语表达习惯。
4.4否定句的英译
“对事物作出否定判断的句子,叫否定句。”(黄伯荣、廖序东,1985:499)汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达,否定句带有否定字词的标记,如“不、无、否、非、没、莫、勿、未、毋、弗”等,以及由这些字组成的词语,如“决不、毫无、否则、并非、没有、未尝”等等。例如:
我不喜欢这本书。你这样说毫无道理。
你得赶紧走,否则会迟到。
汉语否定句一般分两类:一类是单重否定句,句中只用一个否定词,以上三个例句都属此类。另一类是双重否定句,句中先后连用两个否定词,例如:
你别不知好歹。
连我都听说了,你不会还不知道吧!
你不能不让人乐于为你而生,勇于为你而死,为了你而奋发前进!
英语表达否定概念通常有两种手段。一种如同汉语,采用词汇手段,借助no、not、never、nor、neither等否定词,和具有否定意义的词语,如hardly、rarely、seldom、barely、scarcely、narrowly、few、little等,以及由前缀no-、non-、in-、dis-、un-、im-和后缀-less等组成的词语。英语中含否定意义的词汇,还包括其他各类词语和词组:
动词,诸如lack、fail、deny、miss、exclude、run short / out(of)、keep / stop / refrain / prevent(from)、(get)rid of、want、overlook、deny 名词,诸如absence、exclusion、lack、want、failure、ignorance、denial 形容词,诸如absent、missing、ignorant、gone、free / far / safe from、short of、exclusive of 介词,诸如beyond、without、above、except、save、but、in vain 连词,诸如before、unless、(other)than、or、二是采用句法手段,如运用比较结构more(„)than „、other than „、rather than „、would rather than „、know better than „等。在这类结构中,连词than引出意义否定的部分。其他结构,如too „ to „、too „ for „以及由连词if引导的表示赌咒、发誓、感叹的句型等,也可用来表示否定意义。例如:
he’s too young to take care of himself.(他年龄太小,照顾不了自己。)he said he’d be dammed if he’d stop.(他说他要放手就不是人。)catch me doing that.(我才不会干那种事呢。)
汉语否定句的翻译,通常可以采取以下几种方法。
4.4.1译成英语的否定句
中国人和以英语为母语的英美人在否定的思维方式上有许多共同之处,所以汉语否定句翻译成英语时,多半仍以否定形式表达。
(1)我认为他不够格。i don’t think he is qualified.注意汉语和英语句中否定范围的区别。英文中应将否定词not移到主句ud谓语动词前面。如果译成i think he is not qualified,就不符合英语表达习惯了。
(2)这房子尽管富丽堂皇,但是住起来一点也不舒服。
with all its magnificence, the house is not at all comfortable to live in.(3)液体没有固定的形状,气体也没有。liquids have no definite shape;nor have gases.第二分句中,否定连词nor置于句首,句子的语序要倒装。(4)如果没有摩擦,运动的物体永远不会停止。
a moving object would never come to a stop if there were no friction.(5)水淀里没有一个人影,只有一团白绸子样的水鸟,也躲开鬼子往北飞去,落到大荷叶下面歇凉去了。
no one else was in a flock of silky white water-fowl flew off to the north away from the japanese soldiers, alighting to rest in the shade of big lotus leaves.(孙犁《芦花荡》,戴乃迭译)
(6)(与此同时,上海人也清醒地认识到,)不能沾沾自喜以“老大”自居。in now way should they become complacent and pose as no.1 in the country.译文否定状语部分,且置于句首,语气更强。
4.4.2译成英语的肯定句
汉语否定概念也常常用英语肯定句式来表达,这是由于两个民族思维方式的差异所致。而与此有关的英语肯定句有两种:一种是意义和形式都肯定;而另一类,则是意义否定、形式上肯定的,即不带否定标记的表达方式。前面列举了不少具有否定意义的动词、名词、形容词、介词、连词和相关词组,还提到了一些句法结构,都属于这一类。
(7)那位老人能在大风大浪中不停地游泳达三个小时以上。
the old man could swim continuously in great storms for more than three uous意为going on without stopping or being interrupted,其副词与它同义,与原文中“不停地”语义完全相符。
(8)人民军队离不开人民,就像鱼儿离不开水一样。
the people is to the people's army what water is to fish.(9)密云水库„„远山叠翠,绿波万顷,和我记忆中的太湖不相上下。
the miyun reservoir...with its vast area of green waves and row upon row of verdant mountains in the distance can be equally matched with the taihu lake in my memory.(冰心《塞北变江南》,李定坤译)
汉语否定,译文从形式到意义都肯定。两个例句十分典型,说明对相同的概念,汉语和英语表达的角度有时正好相反。
(10)他无可指责。
he is above blame.(11)他化学测验不及格。
he failed the test in chemistry.(12)我们不能让孩子们上河里游泳。
we must keep the kids from swimming in the river.(13)这尊雕像历经大地震后毫发未损,仍然矗立。
the statue survived the great earthquake, remained intact and was still standing there.以上4例汉语原文的否定概念,在译文中都是通过无否定标记、却含有否定意义的词语表达的。也就是说,英译文形式肯定,意义否定。
(14)谅你不敢这么干。
do that again if you dare.译文通过肯定的if句型,恰当地传达了原文威胁、发狠的意味和强烈的感情色彩。(15)你借钱给那个无赖,不啻把钱丢在海里。you might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to that rascal.译文通过虚拟语气might as well表达“不啻”这一否定概念。(16)女孩儿未出嫁,是颗无价宝珠;„„
a girl before marriage is a precious pearl.4.4.3将汉语的双重否定译成英语的双重否定
“双重否定就是在一个句子中同时使用两个否定词,或者使用一个否定词和一个含有否定意义的词或短语。”(陈宏薇,1998:223)双重否定的句子,实际上表达肯定的意义。与一般肯定句不同的是,双重否定句感情色彩更加浓厚,肯定的语势更加强烈。汉译英时,我们往往保留双重否定的形式。
(17)子曰:“不患人之不己知,患不知人也。”
the master said,(the good man)does not grieve that other people do not recognize his only anxiety is lest he should fail to recognize theirs.(孔子《论语》,arthur waley译)
(18)名不正则言不顺,言不顺则事不成,„„
if language is incorrect, then what is said does not concord with what was meant;and if what is said does not concord with what was meant, what is to be done cannot be effected.(孔子《论语》,arthur waley译)
(19)我想:希望本无所谓有,无所谓无。
i thought: hope cannot be said to exist, nor can it be said not to exist.以上例句的原文含双重否定,译文也同样采用双重否定的句式。(20)不看秦始皇兵马俑,不算真正到过中国。
a.a traveler who has not seen the qin dynasty terra cotta figures cannot claim to have visited one who has not seen the qin dynasty terra cotta figures can claim to have visited china.两个译文都保留了双重否定的形式。译文a中的第一层否定放在定语从句的谓语部分(has not seen),而译文b的第一层否定放在了主语部分(no one who...)。两个译文都不错,但译文b的语势似乎更强。
4.4.4将汉语的肯定句译成英语的否定句
由于中国人和英美人在思维方式上的差异,汉语的肯定句译成英语时也常用否定句式来表达。
(21)他在这上面费了很多力。
he took no little pain over it.(22)我对你万分感激。
i couldn't thank you enough.(23)完全同意。
i couldn't agree more.(24)直到喷气发动机发明以后,飞机才能以超音速的速度飞行。
not until the invention of the jet engine could airplanes travel at supersonic speeds.汉语“直到„„才„„”的句型译成英语时,往往要用not...until...的否定句式来表达。(25)智者千虑必有一失。
even the wise are not always free from errors.汉语以肯定句从正面表达,英语以否定句从反面表达,该例句典型地反映了汉英两种语言叙述角度的差异。
4.5句子功能的再现
句子的功能,指句子的交际功能,即句子的用途。不同类型的句子具有不同的交际功能。“语法学对句子的分类有两个角度,一是根据句子的结构,将句子分为单句和复句,这种分类的结果通常称为句型;二是根据句子的语气或用途,通常将句子分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句以及感叹句四种,这种分类的结果通常称为句类。”(张斌,2000:222)我们在汉英翻译中,所遇到的句类都离不开以上四种。“句类是根据语气来分的”(同上),“语气”,在吕叔湘先生看来,有“广狭”二解。“广义的‘语气’包括‘语意’和‘语势’。所谓‘语意’指正和反,定和不定,虚和实等等的区别。所谓‘语势’,指说话的轻或重,缓或急。”狭义的“语气”指“概念内容相同的语句,因使用的目的不同所产生的分别”(同上)。
以上四种句类具有不同的交际功能。一般情况下,陈述句传达信息而具有信息功能;疑问句、祈使句使信息反馈——“祈使句要求用行动反馈,疑问句要求用语言反馈”(同上)——而且具有呼唤功能;感叹句表达说话人的感情和态度而具有表情功能。
必须指出,语气虽然与交际功能或用途等有关,“但是句子的语气与用途并不完全一致。同一种语气可能具有不同的交际用途,不同的语气则可能具有相同的交际用途。”(同上)例如,在特定语言环境中,“你讲得太快了”这一语气或句类可以用来陈述信息而具有信息功能,可以用来表达说话人的感叹而具有表情功能,也可以用来请求对方放慢语速而具有呼唤功能。而反过来,以下不同语气的句子:
你讲得太快了。(陈述句)你能讲慢一点吗?(疑问句)请讲慢一点。(祈使句)你讲得真快!(感叹句)分属“陈述”、“疑问”、“祈使”、“感叹”四种类型,但是在特定的语言环境中,它们具有同一种交际功能,即请求对方将发言的速度放慢的呼唤功能。
在1.3节中,我们将翻译的标准定为“功能相似、语义相符”。根据这一标准,我们在翻译中应该再现原文的功能,使译文的语义与原文相符,而不是一味追求与原文形式对等的句型和句类。这也意味着,我们应该根据语境,仔细分析句子的内在关系,理清句内和句际
间的逻辑联系,明确其交际功能,将其准确地传达到译文中,以保证翻译的效果。我们依照“陈述句”、“疑问句”、“祈使句”和“感叹句”四种句类的划分来讲述句子功能的再现问题。
4.5.1陈述句功能的再现
“陈述句是最常见、使用范围最广的一种句类。”(张斌,2000:222)人们通常用陈述句来传达信息,翻译这类句子时,一方面要使译文与原文信息功能相似、语义相符,一方面要使其遵循英语语法和表达习惯。
(1)窗前有棵老榆树,榆钱儿正密,一串串在枝上垂着,有几只刚出巢的蜜蜂,围着榆枝乱飞,不住的嗡嗡的叫着。
an old elm before the house was hung with thick clusters of seeds and some bees just out of the hive were flying round it, keeping up a continuous hum.(梁斌《红旗谱》,北京外文出版社译文)
该陈述句描写景物,语言平实,是典型的汉语句式。6个小句以5个逗号隔开,两层意义并列:一写窗前的榆树,一写围着榆树嗡嗡飞舞的蜜蜂。译文将6个小句合成一个并列句,增加连词and并列表达两层意义。两个分句各以an old elm...was hung和some bees...were flying充当主、谓语,另以keeping up a continuous hum作定语和状语。译文与原文信息相符,功能相似,结构完整紧凑,符合英语表达习惯。
(2)①广东省阳春县境内多是石灰岩地质,②由于长期的江水浸渍和风化作用,③形成了大量峥嵘挺拔的山峰和幽深莫测的溶洞。
calcareous structure, water erosion and weathering contributed to many lofty peaks and deep secluded karst caves in yangchun county, guangdong province.该陈述句讲述广东阳春县地质地貌,句式为复式,由3个小句组成。深入分析其中逻辑关系时我们发现:句②含有介词“由于”的标记,明确表示“原因”;句①虽不含任何标记,其实也暗表“原因”;句③则表示“结果”。译文构句灵活巧妙:将与“石灰岩地质”、“江水浸渍”和“风化”对应的三个名词短语calcareous structure、water erosion和weathering作主语,以动词短语contributed to作谓语,名词短语many lofty peaks and deep secluded karst caves作宾语,这种不拘泥于原文句式的“主谓宾”搭配干净明了地表达了原文明暗交织的“因果”关系。其中谓语动词短语的选择,是达到这一理想效果的关键。
(3)①我家门前有些摆摊儿的,都是生意人。②大凡生意人都懂得“一步差三市”的道理。③就是说,别看你的店只和人家差了三步,但景气的程度要差了很多,也许人家的铺子红火热闹,你的铺子却开不了张。
①in front of my house there are a few stalls run by street vendors.②street vendors all know the popular saying: “locations make a difference in business.”③that is to say, even if your stall stands side by side with someone else’s in the neighbourhood, your neighbour may attract a constant stream of shoppers, but yours, unfortunately, is visited by few.(星竹“位置的道理”,王琼译,刘士聪改译)
该陈述句群是一篇小杂文的开篇语。这篇名为“位置的道理”的杂文议论世间各种位置被人占上,其后其实各有道理和玄机,总是受到某种看不见的事物的平衡、约束和管辖。
原文包含三个句子:②为单句,①、③为复句。由于议论文之故,与写景的例1松散的句式相比,该例构句比较紧密,句际逻辑关系交待得比较明确。句①中,“都是生意人”与前面“摆摊儿的”信息重复,似为赘句。然而从修辞效果看,它并非多余:一是遵从汉语句子阴阳两分、“同义衬托”的习惯(杨自俭,2000);而更重要的,是承上启下,与“大凡生意人都懂得„„”的下句衔接过渡。句③实际上是句②中“一步差三市”的说法的解释,其中“也许人家的铺子红火热闹,你的铺子却开不了张”又是对前面“景气”一词的进一步解释。句③中出现了“就是说”、“但”、“„„却„„”等几个关联词,将语意关系一一明示。
译文与原文信息相符,句式也大致相当。少许的区别在于:句①中以过去分词短语run by street vendors作定语修饰stallls,将原文两个小句合成了一个简单句。句③中,按照英语表达需要增添了unfortunately一词,使逻辑关系更加显豁,同时省去了若保留反嫌累赘的“景气的程度要差了很多”一句。
(4)①大概是物以稀为贵罢。②北京的白菜运往浙江,便用红头绳系住菜根,倒挂在水果店头,尊为“胶菜”;福建野生着的芦荟,一到北京就进温室,且美其名曰“龙舌兰”。③我到仙台也颇受了这样的优待,不但不收学费,几个职员还为我的食宿操心。
no doubt the rarer a thing the higher the beijing cabbage is shipped to zhejiang, it is hung upside-down in the green grocer’s by a red string tied to the root, and given the grand title “shandong vegetable”.when the aloe which grows wild in fujian comes to beijing, it is ushered into a hothouse and given the beautiful name “dragon tongue orchid”.in sendai i too enjoyed such preferential treatment;not only did the school not ask for fees, but several members of the staff even showed great concern over my board and lodging.(鲁迅《藤野先生》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)该例中几个陈述句组成一个完整的语意群。句①“物以稀为贵”是论点,句②、③白菜和芦荟来到异地以及“我”留学日本的经历是论据。译文再现了原文的信息功能,且语义相符。首先需要提出的是段首“大概”一词。“大概”这一“表示有很大可能性”的副词在此并非对“物以稀为贵”概念的推断,而是对句②、③叙述的经历当属“物以稀为贵”情况的推断。译者透彻理解原文,不用probably(the rarer a thing...)机械照译句①开头的“大概”,而是用no doubt取代,准确传达了原文信息。原文句②含两个复合句,句式基本为意合,译文均处理为形式严整的when..., it is...and...的主从复合句。句③则译成带分号的两个并列句,语义与原文相符,句式也大致相同。
4.5.2疑问句功能的再现
“疑问句带有疑问语气,有些还带有特定的疑问语气词。”(张斌,2000:223)也就是说,疑问句带有疑问语气词以及问号的标记。从类别上看,根据是否要求对方回答,可以分为有疑而问的疑问句和无疑而问的反问句及设问句。从功能上看,有疑而问的疑问句要求对方反馈信息,具有呼唤功能;无疑而问的反问和设问句多用来加强语气,渲染气氛,或抒发感慨,具有表情功能。下面我们分别讲述这两大类别疑问句的翻译及其功能的再现。
一、有疑而问的疑问句功能的再现
就该类疑问句式及其功能而言,汉语和英语之间共性大于异性,翻译时一般无须作大的调整。
(1)记者问:“2008年奥运会点燃圣火的时候,您会在开幕式现场吗?”何振梁回答说:“只要我身体还行,我一定会去开幕式的。”
when the holy fire of the olympic games of 2008 is lit, will you be at the scene of the opening ceremony?“ asked a reporter.”if my physical condition permits, i will definitely be there.“(“此生无憾——记国际奥委会执委何振梁”)(2)子贡曰:“贫而无谄,富而无骄,何如?”子曰:“可也。未若贫而乐道,富而好礼者也。”
tzu-kung said, ”poor without cadging, rich without of that?“ the master said, ”not better still, 'poor, yet delighting in the way, rich, yet a student of ritual.'“(孔子《论语》,arthur waley译)
译文和原文语义相符,一样有疑而问,有问有答,同样具有呼唤功能。(1)那天,他挑着担子来到我们村,见到我就乐,说:“娃呀,你要给我做媳妇吗?” “对呀!”
他张着大嘴笑了,露出了一嘴的黄牙。他那长在半个葫芦样的头上的白发,也随着笑声一起抖动着。
“你为啥要给我做媳妇呀?” “我要天天吃灶糖呢。”
one day, he came to our village with his saw me and smiled: ”and so, you want to be my bride?“ ”yes.“ he laughed, exposing his yellowing broken few strands of white hair at the back of his gourd-like pate also quivered.”now why do you want to be my bride?“ ”i want to eat sticky candy.“(张洁“拣麦穗”,朱虹译)原文中的“我”是一个年幼天真、不谙世事的小姑娘。大人戏谑地问她为啥跟在姐姐身后拣麦穗时,她天真地答道要备嫁妆,嫁给那个挑担卖灶糖的老汉。于是就有了以上的问和答。
(4)余曰:“唐以诗取士,而诗之宗匠必推李杜。卿爱宗何人?” 芸发议曰:“杜诗锤炼精纯,李诗潇洒落拓;与其学杜之森严,不如学李之活泼。”
”poetry was used,“ i said, ”as a literary test in the imperial examinations of the t'ang dynasty, and people acknowledge li po and tu fu as the master of the two do you like better?“ ”tu's poems,“ she said, ”are known for their workmanship and artistic refinement, while li's poems are known for their freedom and naturalness of expression.i prefer the vivacity of li po to the severity of tu fu.“(沈复《浮生六记》,林语堂译)原文中的“余”(我)和“芸”是一对幸福的新婚夫妻。两人议论诗仙李白和诗圣杜甫及其诗风,夫问妇答,其乐融融。林语堂先生根据英语对话的书面表达习惯,在译文中将直接引语拆分到i said和she said的两边,并对句子结构作了调整。
二、无疑而问的反问句和设问句功能的再现
反问和设问都是无疑而问,多用作修辞手法。反问,又叫反诘,它是明知故问,用疑问的形式表示肯定或否定的意思。反问大都表达气愤或不满的情绪,所以它总是采取毋庸置疑的语气来表达确定的内容,使重要的内容得到强调和突出。设问,是故意从正面或反面提出问题,接着自己做出解答,或者问而不答以引起别人的注意,使语言气势强烈,生动活泼,富有变化。由于这类疑问句并不要求反馈信息,而是表达说话人的主观情感,因而主要具有表情功能。汉语和英语都有反问句和设问句,功能也相似。
(5)①这个上帝不是别人,就是全中国的人民大众。②全国人民大众一齐起来和我们一道挖这两座山,有什么挖不平呢?
our god is none other than the masses of the chinese they stand up and dig together with us, why can't these two mountains be cleared away?(毛泽东《愚公移山》,北京外文出版社1965年版译文)原文“有什么挖不平呢?”是以否定反问表达肯定的结论,意思是“一定挖得平”。译文(why can't...)保留了否定反问的形式
新编日语教程3第13课翻译篇三
unit 1 1.她一家商店一家商店的看,最后以她能付出的价格买了她所需要的东西。
she shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford.2.除了向我要东西,他从不跟我说话。
he never speaks to me other than to ask for something.3.你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。
you should always aim at doing your job well.4.几个星期来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。
she has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father.5.修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。
the route was designed to relieve traffic congestion.6.社会是由形形色色的人组成的。有些人很好,有些人很坏,也有些人介乎两者之间。
society is made up of a wide variety of people;some are good, others(are)bad, and still others(are)in between.1.儿子在家看dvd而父母却在田里辛勤劳作。
the son was watching dvd at home while the parents were working in the fields.你喜欢体育,而我更喜欢音乐。you like sports, while i prefer music.2.在配偶的收入基础上纳税者可以选择以下三种方式计算应付的税额。
the following are three ways a taxpayer may choose from to calculate the tax due on his/her spouse's salary.可供选择的cd版本太多了,我不知道哪一个版本更好。
there are so many different cd versions to choose from and i have no idea which is the best.3.老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。
the old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.研究者在没有检验任何其他因素的情况下得出结论,认为喝茶有益健康。
the researchers have concluded that drinking tea does good to the health of people without examining any other factors.4.在这样紧急的情况下,投资的重点应该是机器而不是建筑。
in such an urgent situation, the focus of our investment should be on new machinery rather than building.我做事总喜欢赶早而不愿意把事情拖到最后。
i always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.5.今晚的电视没什么看的,都是些垃圾节目。
there's nothing on tv tonight, other than rubbish.因为桥上个月坍塌了,你只能游泳过河了。
because the bridge collapsed last month, you can't get across other than by swimming.i know him?
unit2 1.这个星期你每天都迟到,对此你如何解释?
how do you account for the fact that you've been late every day this week? 2.政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。
the government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas.3.据最新报道,这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。
according to the latest report, the train accident resulted in the death of several passengers.4.多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。
plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.5.他试图竞争学校学生会主席,但是没有成功。
he attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the students' union, but he didn't get in / succeed.6.经过一年辛勤的努力,公司本目标全部达成。
throughout one-year industrious work, the company has achieved all its goals this year.1.在某种意义上来说,你犯那个错误我倒是很高兴,因为那个错误会对你起警戒作用。
in a way, i'm glad you made that mistake, for it will serve us waming to you.我建议你买那张多用途沙发,因为它可以作为床用。
my suggestion is that you should buy that multifunctional sofa because it may serve as a bed.2.这个学校最早是一个社区学院,现在已经成为这个州的最著名的大学之一了。
this school began as a community college and has grown to one of the most famous universities in the state.哥伦比亚于1938年从一个家庭作坊的帽子销售商发家,现在已经成为世界上最大的户外品牌。
columbia began as a family owned hat distributorship in 1938, and has grown into one of the world's largest outerwear brands.3.我们的目标成为经营业绩最好和最被羡慕者之一。
our mission is to be one of the leaders in performance running and one of the most admired.我们公司的承诺是将国内产品介绍给全世界的消费者。
the commitment of our company is to introduce the products of our country to the customers throughout the world.4.奢侈品成为一个驱使现代人去寻求个人意义和满足的概念。
luxury is becoming a concept rooted in our modem drive to find personal meaning and satisfaction.在历史上,“价值”自身是一个植根于理性和道德观念上的概念。
in history, “value” is itself a human concept rooted in rational and moral principles.5.校长鼓励我们每天阅读专业相关书籍一小时以提高自身素质。
our president encourages us to improve ourselves by reading an hour a day in our fields.新的研究表明,吸烟者减少吸烟可以减低患心脏病的危险。
according to a new research, smokers can reduce their risk for heart disease by cutting down on smoking cigarettes..9.这一方法证明是非常成功的。
this method proved to be very successful.我们生了病才知道健康的价值。
we had to know the worth of health,until we are ill.这种表演很受大学生的欢迎。
the kind of performance is very popular with college students.人们认识到吸烟有害健康。
it is recognized that smoking is bad for health.学习一件事情的最好方法是去做这件事。learn a thing is the best way to do it.他们将和来自全世界的游泳选手进行比赛。
they will compete with swimmers from all of the words.我们不能解决所有问题,但肯定能减轻他们的痛苦。
we can't solve all problems, but so affirmation can ease their suffering.那天晚上我玩的很开心,晚会上的其他人也都一样。
that night i had good time,so did everyone else at the 3 1.盗贼从这家银行偷走了一大笔现金。
the thieves made off with a large sum of money from the bank.2.高血压使千百万人有患心脏病的危险。
high blood pressure places millions of people at the risk of heart disease.3.在做任何重要决定之前都要慎重思考。
think twice before you make any important decisions.4.非洲大陆的一大片区域有变成沙漠的危险。
a large part of the african continent is in danger of becoming a desert.5.他从来没有给我提出过解决问题的好方法。
not once has he suggested a good way to deal with any there is a problem, we never point fingers at each other.如果出现问题,我们从不互相指责。
they pointed fingers at one another for failing to prevent the disaster.他们因没能防止那场灾难而互相指责。
is highly unlikely that this problem will be solved in the near future.这个问题不太可能在近期得到解决。
it was highly unlikely that she would do that kind of thing.她不太可能做出那样的事。
computer virus is spreading, and all online users are at risk.这种计算机病毒正在传播,所有上网用户都有被感染的危险。
the economy is very depressed at the moment, which puts more jobs at risk.目前该国的经济十分的萧条,这使得更多的就业机会面临丧失的危险。4.i advised him to think twice before deciding to quit school.我劝他在决定退学前再仔细考虑一番。
always think twice before paying out large sums of money.支付大笔款项时总要三思而行。
it be that more people will ride bikes to work? 是否有可能更多的人会骑自行车上班呢?
could it be that i was too close to the situation to see it clearly?.是否有可能由于我离得太近而看不清形势呢? unit 4
1.在文化交流中,误解常常是不可避免的。
in cultural exchanges, misunderstanding is often unavoidable.2.在英国留学的几年中,我有机会见到了不同国籍的留学生。
in my few years of study in britain, j bad chances to meet students of all sorts of nationalities.3.在西方国家,向老师赠送圣诞节贺卡,是一种常见的表达敬意的方式。
in western countries, it is a common way for students to send christmas cards to teachers to show their respect.4.老师望着我,脸上露出不解的表情。
my teacher looked at me, with a puzzled expression on the face.5.我们都十分清楚,市场竞争是非常残酷的。
we are all aware that competition in the market is very fierce.6.一些汉语习语被译成英语后,会使一些英语读者感到很吃惊。
when some chinese idioms are translated into english, their meanings may startle some readers of seems to know the way better than i do.他好象比我还熟悉那条路。
his voice seemed to have disturbed her.他的声音好像打扰了她。
carelessness led to this accident.他的粗心大意导致了这场车祸。
hard work leads to success.努力工作是成功之路。
3.i was assigned to a small room when i started my work in the college.当我到大学工作时,他们分给我一个单人房间。
each of us was assigned to a holiday homework by the teacher.老师给我们每人一份假期作业。't leave until i arrive.当我到达之前不要离开。
i won't stop shouting until you let me go.你让我走,我才停止喊叫。
eyes were irritated by the smoke.烟熏得我眼睛怪难受的。
the boss was irritated by the clerk's rude behavior.老板对职员的粗鲁行为很恼火。
it came his turn, he rose from his seat.轮到他时,他就从座位上站起来。
when it comes to drawing a plan, leave it to me.至于制定计划,就交给我吧。
d of improving, he is getting worse.他不是在好转,而是在恶化。
they built a reservoir halfway up the mountain instead of at the top.他们不是在山顶而是在半山腰修建了一个水库。
unit 5
semester, wang gang was awarded the title of an outstanding student for his excellent performance.上学期王钢表现出色,被授予优秀学生的称号。
teachers’ day, the students made a greeting card for their teacher, which symbolized their appreciation of what the teacher had accomplished in the past year.同学们在教师节给老师做了一张贺卡,以表示对老师过去一年工作的感谢。 children were amused by the story about the cat.孩子们听了关于那只猫的故事都笑了起来。
continual sunny days made the temperature soar sharply.连续几个晴天,气温骤然升高。
g after dinner promotes digestion.饭后散步有助于消化。
新编日语教程3第13课翻译篇四
37课
在新年的气氛刚刚消失的时候,迎来了日本的成人仪式。成人仪式是在每年1月的第2个星期天举行。身着西装的男性,和身着和服的女性的身影格外引人注目。男性中也有穿和服的。总而言之,都分外漂亮。
问了一下日本朋友松岛,她说她也在成人仪式的时候穿了和服。
我也是个女孩子,所以很向往日本的和服。要是什么时候,有机会穿和服就好了。“成人仪式大家都身着盛装,真是漂亮。”
38课
在日本,在2月3日有【季分】这样一个活动。所谓【季分】以前是表示春夏秋冬的季节分界的意思,但现在专指2月3日这一天。在这一天人们会一边喊着“鬼出去,福进来”,一边撒豆子。
撒豆子把鬼(晦气)赶出去的风俗,从8世纪的文武天皇的时代,在宫中就已经流行了。但更让我意外的是,据说这个撒豆子的风俗是从中国传来的。
但在我的故乡没有这样的风俗。到了日本,看到了在中国已经失去的文化习俗。“用豆子把鬼赶出去。”
39课
2月14日是从欧美起源,进而成为全世界的“情人节”的日子。在中国,这几年年轻人也开始过情人节,二战之后的日本,由于受到美国的深远影响,很早就有过情人节的传统。
可是日本的情人节的过法和美国以及欧洲有很大的不同。在欧美,原来是基督教的一个活动,是男女可以自由表达爱意的一个日子,可是在日本,情人节是女性向男性告白的日子。另外,作为告白的纪念,一定要送巧克力。这是以巧克力为主打商品的点心制造商的精心策划的商业化情人节。
由此,日本的情人节衍生了一个全世界少见的习惯,那就是“白色情人节”。即2月14日收到巧克力的男性要在一个月后的3月14日,还赠女性白色巧克力。这也一定是点心制造商的阴谋吧。
“在日本,女性要送男性巧克力。”
40课
日本的3月是毕业的季节。在我们的日语学校也举行了毕业典礼。去年4月以来在日语学校一直照顾我的丹尼尔学长,3月底也要离开东京,回英国去了。我则决定在东京再学习半年。也就是要为丹尼尔送行了
丹尼尔在最后告诉我说,最好要学习日语的敬语。去年和今年成绩都优异的丹尼尔作为学生代表要在毕业典礼上发言。据说在必须对老师们用敬语的场合下,因为平时不太用敬语,到那时就会紧张出差错。
还有半年时间,我要学好敬语,这样就可以用敬语有礼貌地和田中老师对话了。“仰视尊师,感其恩情。”
1课
日语学校的教科书每年要有变化。虽然学习日语已经是第二年了,但还是不太好。想起去年刚来日本的时候,偶然碰到丹尼尔的事情。我的日语比起当时的丹尼尔来真是逊色不少。所以为了复习日语,春假也顾不上出去玩。陈敏说:“用不着这么认真。”不过我想至少要好好的复习一下单词部分。随着课程的深入,日语也会变难。从3月中旬到4月初日本放春假。这段相当长的时间是复习的绝好机会。田中老师给我的建议是:“依我看,最好是做题。”我对陈敏说:“春家是我们一起复习吧。”
2课
新学期马上就要开始了。但是今年的樱花还没开。知道这个时期还看不到樱花真是令人难以置信。据说最近在东京一直不断的刮偏北风,所以樱花都没开。
去年刚来日本的时候,我心里非常不安。樱花却以其美丽的姿态来欢迎我。对于我来说,在春天的开学仪式时樱花的盛开有一种特别的意义。
大家约好一起去赏樱花的事情也延期了。我们是那样的期待,真是太遗憾了。不过田中老师和我们约定,因为赏花延期了,所以没赏玩花就不考试。
现在,我期待着能和樱花再次相会。我决定耐心地等待樱花盛开的那一天。
3课
新学期开始了,公布了新的班级。因为我运气好,通过了日语能力考试三级,所以进入了新的中级班。同班同学中,像小金啦小陈这样面熟的朋友有很多。而且,今年也是在田中老师的指导下学习日语。
延期一个星期的赏花也很开心。当然回到英国的丹尼尔没有参加。虽然很寂寞。但新的朋友代替丹尼尔加入了进来。她就是斯里兰卡人玛诺里。听说她在斯里兰卡学过戏剧。在樱花树下,他为我们表演的舞蹈真是精彩。
赏花结束后,就有一个检查春假复习状况的考试。听说会根据考试结果,考虑重新分班。我想,不仅是为了想留在现在的班级,既然要考试就要好好努力。
4课
我来日本以后,一直在学校的宿舍生活。宿舍里学校很近,所以非常便于学习。但是,日本的留学生活不仅仅是学习,打工也是生活中很重要的一部分。必须一边学习一边工作。
从去年开始,我一直在做中文教师,但实际上从春假之前也开始在超市工作了。做教师接触的日本人是有限。通过在超市的工作,我想学习日本人的工作方法和接待客人的态度。
去超市必须坐电车去。因此我在车站旁边找了房子。和宿舍比起来,虽然离学校远了点,但相反的,因为是在车站旁边,所以生活很方便。到学校只要一辆公交车就行了。
我曾听说过东京的房租是世界上最高的。一个人租一室户的话价钱比较贵,所以我和正好要找房子的美香两个人合租了两室一厅的房子。美香是松岛的朋友藤原的妹妹,非常可爱的女大学生。和美香一起生活的话,我期待自己的口语能力能得到提高。
从今年的四月份开始,我的新的日本生活就要开始了。
5课
期盼已久的公寓生活终于开始了。每天和同屋美香快乐地生活着。例如,两个人每天轮流做饭。美香一般做咖喱饭、牛肉饼等西式料理,我做中国菜。
但是,公寓生活并不是只有开心的事情。在日本,扔垃圾的时间是被限定好的。所以必须在垃圾回收车来之前把垃圾扔出去。而且,根据垃圾的种类扔的日期也有所不同。
垃圾的种类大致可分为“可燃垃圾”、“不可燃垃圾”、“资源(再利用)垃圾”、“大的非可燃垃圾”这四大类。例如,“可燃垃圾”里包括厨房扔掉的含有水分的垃圾,但一周只能扔两次。这样房间里可能到处是垃圾。
为什么会有“扔垃圾的规则”呢?下次打算问一下公寓的物业管理人。