报告材料主要是向上级汇报工作,其表达方式以叙述、说明为主,在语言运用上要突出陈述性,把事情交代清楚,充分显示内容的真实和材料的客观。那么,报告到底怎么写才合适呢?下面是小编给大家带来的报告的范文模板,希望能够帮到你哟!
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇一
阳明滩大桥全长7133米,桥宽41.5米,设计为双向8车道。桥梁采用新古典主义欧式造型,延续了哈尔滨这座北国之城的历史文脉。墨绿色的主塔矗立在松花江两岸,粗壮的悬索相连,犹如四位威武的大力士抬起巨龙,使天堑变通途。设计之初就将阳明滩大桥定位为城市标志性建筑,从桥梁造型、景观美学、景观照明、桥面构造、桥梁整体形象等方面进行系统化设计,使大桥在酝酿伊始就体现了功能、景观、技术、经济的和谐理念。
针对阳明滩大桥国内同类桥梁中跨径最大,且地处高寒地区等难点、特点,施工过程中采用了大跨度钢-混凝土组合梁自锚式悬索桥关键技术、低温条件下长悬臂大跨度顶推技术、低温条件下高强螺栓施拧技术、冻土环境中的基础设计与施工技术等系列技术。在无同类借鉴的情况下,通过调研论证、模拟动静载试验,确定了结构体系,为指导同类桥梁设计施工提供了可靠数据。与此同时,通过大口径大承载力桩基静载法极限承载力试验,优化大桥桩基结构设计,使全桥桩长平均缩短4.73米,节省造价1370万元,为国内高寒地区建设特大型桥梁积累了宝贵经验。
另外,阳明滩大桥疏解工程全线采用了8段“u型钢梁”与钢筋砼叠合成的组合连续梁结构。与常规闭口钢箱梁不同,这种结构可大大节约资金。据悉,采用新型“组合梁”结构,钢梁部分每平方米用钢量为300公斤,常规使用的闭口钢箱梁每平方米用钢量需在650公斤~750公斤,因此每平方米可节省钢材300多公斤,8段“u型钢梁”共节省钢材约2万吨。经验证,“u型钢梁”安装后具有承受压力大、桥梁刚度性能好、造价低等特点。由于采用在工厂加工预制、运抵现场安装的工法施工,其制作加工可与下部砼基础结构同步进行,大大缩短了工期,并能有效控制施工质量。
索塔的两侧是对称的斜拉索,通过斜拉索将索塔主梁连接在一起。索塔两侧数根斜拉索,左右对称,这些斜拉索受到主梁的重力作用,对索塔产生对称的沿着斜拉索方向的拉力,由于两侧的力是对称的,所以水平向左和水平向右的两个力互相抵消了, 最终主梁的重力成为对索塔的竖直向下的两个力,力传给索塔下面的桥墩了。斜拉索数量之所以要很多条,是为了分散主梁给斜拉索的力。
随着交通量的增多、重载车辆不断增加,会使伸缩缝出现各种破坏,给桥梁带来严重破坏,所以伸缩缝装置是整个桥梁维修过程中、最经常损坏的设施,因此,在设置施工桥梁伸缩缝过程中一定要严把关,谨慎处理
哈尔滨市太阳桥建于著名的太阳岛风景区,桥梁的景观要求很高。桥型采用我国第一座独塔双索面无背锁全钢结构斜拉桥,桥梁主跨径140m。太阳桥力求技术先进、经济合理、安全适用、结构美观。充分考虑哈尔滨处于寒冷地区(最低气温近-40度),室外施工期仅六个月的特殊条件。桥梁用材应满足低温下使用要求;桥梁结构应便于施工,为在一年时间内建成桥梁创造条件。该桥梁构思新颖、创新、能为旅游区创造一道新的美景。
太阳桥位于哈尔滨太阳岛旅游区,主跨跨径布置为 14m (西过渡孔)+ 60m(边跨)+140m(中跨)+ 14m(东过渡孔)=228m。桥梁总宽15.5m,有效宽度为12m 。主梁梁高2.4 m,为扁平流线型正交异性桥面板钢箱梁, 底面为圆弧形,钢箱梁全长200m(含0号节段),共分27个节段,标准节段长度为8m。主塔为钻石造型桥塔,水平倾角60°,塔高93.5m。采用变截面钢箱结构,有索区塔截面由2个8边形组合而成。无索区为2个分离式8边形。
呼兰河双曲拱桥,从主拱圈的横截面上看,它是由拱肋、拱波、拱板和横向联系等几部分组成。由于介于拱肋之间的拱波也呈曲线形,且与主拱圈的曲线正交,故而称为双曲拱桥。这种桥型是20世纪60年代我国江苏省无锡县由建桥职工首创的一种桥型,它充分发挥了预制装配的优点,可以不要拱架施工,节省木料,加快施工进度,而所耗用的工料又不多。
双曲拱比单曲拱能承受更大的载荷,主要是因为双曲拱不仅在一个方向上呈拱形,而且在与其垂直的另一方向也呈拱形。自行车的挡泥板就是这种双曲拱形的。当它受力时,力使沿着两个拱的方向更均匀地传递;某一局部受力过大时,双曲拱能迅速自行调整平衡,使整个双拱曲不会因局部受力过大而损坏。它的最主要特点是:将主拱圈以“化整为零”的方法按先后顺序进行施工,再以“集零为整”的方式组合成承重的整体结构。因主拱圈分期形成,呈现组合结构的受力特征,整体性较弱,在地震荷载作用下容易破坏
现存的最古老的石拱桥是我国的赵州桥。赵州桥经受了地震的摇撼,洪水的冲击,车马的压轧,仍然屹立在洨河上。赵州桥不但有个弧形的大拱,而且在桥肩还有4个小拱。当山洪暴发时,小拱可以把洪水泄走。赵州桥坚固的秘密正在拱上。赵州桥坚固的秘密正在拱上。我国科技人员和工人继承并发展了拱桥建筑的传统,运用现代强度理论以及工程学,创造了双曲拱桥。双曲拱桥的外形同一般的空腹式拱桥好像没有什么区别。但是你如果走到桥下一看,就会发现它的肚皮是凹的,好像由几条自行车的挡泥板拼起来的,真是拱中有拱。这种桥的优点是造价低,载重负荷大,施工方便,节省材料。
松花江公路大桥位于道里区河图街松花江南岸江畔到北岸道外区前进乡之间,大桥于1983年5月动工,1986年8月建成,全长1565米,是松花江流域上建设的第一座特大永久性公路桥梁。大桥工程巨大,结构新颖,呈剪子形状。贯通了哈尔滨及黑河、萝北、等国道干线,成为哈尔滨市以及黑龙江省公路交通的重要枢纽,为繁荣经济、促进交流具有重要战略意义,也是哈尔滨市区的一道靓丽风景线。
"一桥飞架南北,天堑变通途",哈尔滨松花江公路大桥的建成,结束了江南江北"鸡犬之声相闻,老死不相往来"的历史。
公路大桥通车多年来,使用情况良好,并荣获我省首届“鲁班奖”全桥为预应力t梁,一片t梁设有一个支座,其主梁都是变截面的,由于混凝土抗压性能好,钢的抗拉性能好,所以在箱梁下部设置钢板减轻自重,公路大桥的部分桥墩为花瓶式,有效减轻了结构自重,这种桥墩不用设置盖梁,如图所示,每一个桥墩上设置两个支座,该支座都是双向的,有效的阻止了桥梁发生位移。
公路大桥的伸缩缝上部固定有钢板,其引桥部分都为钢箱梁的,这是为了缩短施工期。
桥梁的伸缩缝可以有效的防止温度的变化引起路面结构的热胀冷缩过大而造成破坏.,现在为了减少地震危害,伸缩缝也起到防止梁体位移过大的作用,缓冲位移。
伸缩缝的安装有很高的要求,要求伸缩缝在平行、垂直于桥梁轴线的两个方向,均能自由伸缩,牢固可靠,车辆行驶过时应平顺、无突跳与噪声;要能防止雨水和垃圾泥土渗入阻塞;安装、检查、养护、消除污物都要简易方便。在设置伸缩缝处,栏杆与桥面铺装都要断开
滨江大桥即滨北松花江公铁两用桥,又称东江桥,始建于1932年。1934年8月公路桥建成通车,至今已通行72年。大桥跨越松花江,全长1147.6米,是哈尔滨市最早的公铁两用过江大桥。1986年哈尔滨公路大桥建成前,是哈尔滨唯一一条连通大江南北的公路大动脉。该桥1988年改建后,设计荷载标准为15吨。当时有关部门曾经邀请省、市桥梁专家对该桥进行“会诊”,根据鉴定报告,专家认为,该桥在正常运营的条件下,可使用到20xx年。
大桥上层为公路桥,全长1147.6米,宽6米,前后引桥呈弓形,各53.9米,桥面为钢筋混凝土板,设计载荷按6吨汽车计算;下层为单线铁路桥,全长1065.8米,共15孔。为方便桥下通航,大桥主航道上方3孔分别架设80米、96米、80米的大跨度下承悬臂梁,其余12孔均为64米跨度的下承滑轮式桁梁。桥下通航净高度为9.8米,能满足当时各种内河船只通行。考虑到北方春季开江时,上游冰排和过往船舶可能撞击桥墩,每个桥墩上还设有10毫米钢板制作的三角形防撞棱。
桥梁工程认识实习让我学到了很多关于桥梁方面的知识,通过不同地点的实习,我直观的学习了包括简支箱梁施工、悬臂施工的各项施工工艺。这对于以后学习专业知识来说是一件很有意义的事。它不仅让我们掌握了一些专业性的概念和术语,也让我们增加了对以后学习专业知识的信心。通过老师的指导和自己上网查找资料,对于桥梁我们也有一定的了解。
在施工技术上,实际操作以理论知识为基础,但又比理论知识更具有灵活性和可操作性,这需要学好专业知识的同时在工作中积极思考,灵活应用,培养自己的思维创新与独立解决问题的能力。同时得到了很好的锻炼,明确了在剩余不多的大学生活中应该发展的方向,积极面对每一次挑战。
我们也知道了理论与实践的结合是很重要的,特别是对与桥梁这种实践性能非常强的一门学科更要强调实际操作技能的培养。而且这门学科在很大程度上与书本有一定程度的差异,在这次实习中能使我们所掌握的理论知识得以验证,为我们以后学习专业课知识打好了基础。虽然每天的风都很大,但我真的觉得这五天过得很充实,对于老师的指导我心存感激。我想自己以后应该努力学习自己的专业知识,争取以后能够设计出一条有创意的桥梁出来
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇二
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇三
实习目的:贯彻理论联系实际的原则,到施工现场或管理部门去学习生产技术和管理知识。施工实习不仅是对我们能否在实践中演习知识技能的一种训练,也是对学生的敬业精神、劳动纪律和职业道德的综合检验。不仅要注意知识的积累,更应该注意能力的培养,为此,学校为了让大家对本专业有更好的认识,在我们大四开学,组织了一次外出实习,好让大家可以将平时在课堂上学到的东西联系到实际当中。
实习概况
实习方向:道路与桥梁工程
实习地点:湖南
实习时间:9.3—9.14
实习学生:xxx
实习分两部分:参观正在建设的道路和桥梁、听讲座。
通过本次实习参观中,我们主要了解了如下内容:
1.实际观察各种路桥模型,理论联系实际,认识并了解路桥的结构,
2.了解板的配筋方法、施工要领。
3.了解桥梁交通中的作用、及其与道路线型的主从关系。
4.了解桥址选择依据,及其与河流走向的关系的内容和要求。
5.了解立交在城市交通中的作用及其主要组成部分。
本次实习讲座中,我们主要了解到:
1、了解路桥结构设计的主要工作内容 、工作程序、工作方法及前景;
2、了解工程建设程序的主要工作内容、工作程序、工作方法及前景;
3、了解路桥工程项目管理的主要工作内容、工作程序、工作 。
本次报告由湖南工程学院的建筑工程学院土木工程教研组的陈爱军老师组织策划的,给我们做的是关于道路工程的报告,陈老从道路工程的起源讲到最新一些道路发展的现状,从能源与环境的关系着重强调了,做为新一代的祖国建设者不仅要在结构上,形式上令人满意,还要做到节约,与环境的相和谐的发展观。以下为简要记录。
道路工程学是从事道路的规划、勘测、设计、施工、养护等的一门应用科学和技术,是土木工程的一个分支。道路通常是指为陆地交通运输服务,通行各种机动车、人畜力车、驮骑牲畜及行人的各种路的统称。
道路按使用性质分为城市道路、公路、厂矿道路、农村道路、林区道路等。城市高速干道和高速公路则是交通出入受到控制的、高速行驶的汽车专用道路。
道路工程历史源远流长。历史上最早的原始社会人群,因生活和生产的需要,形成天然原始的人行小径。以后要求有更好的道路,取土填坑,架木过溪,以利通行。当人类由原始农业到驯养牲畜后,逐渐利用牛、马、骆驼等乘骑或驮运。这种生产力的飞跃进一步要求更适用的道路,因而出现驮运道。
道路工程学的研究内容主要有:道路网规划和路线勘测设计、路基工程、路面工程、道路排水工程、桥涵工程、隧道工程、附属设施工程和养护工程等。
道路网规划应考虑各种交通运输综合功能的协调发展,路网布局的完善。路线勘测设计应选定技术经济最优化的路线,对平、纵、横三个面进行综合设计,力争平面短捷舒顺、纵坡平缓均匀、横断面稳定经济,以求保证设计车速、缩短行车时间、提高汽车周转率。对路基、路面、桥梁、隧道、排水等构造物进行精心设计,在保证质量的条件下降低施工、养护、运营和交通管理等费用。
路基既是路线的主体,又是路面的基础并与路面共同承受车辆荷载。路基按其断面的填挖情况分为路堤式、路堑式、半填半挖式三类。路肩是路面两侧路基边绦以内地带,用以支护路面、供临时停靠车辆或行人步行之用。路基土石方工程按开挖的难易分为土方工程与石方工程。
路基工程在道路建设中,工程量大、占地广,常为控制施工进度的关键,故要求尽可能与沿线农田水利建设相结合并力争节约用地;按照标准设计,严格控制施工质量,保证路基具有足够的强度和稳定性;搞好排水和防护加固工程,沿河路基应注意不被洪水淹没冲毁;填方工程应慎选土质并分层夯实,对其密实度和含水量进行现场控制;冰冻地区还应设置防冻层或设置隔水层和隔温层,切断毛细水,减少负温差的不利影响;当路线通过悬岩峭壁需修建悬出路台或半山桥,陡峻山坡则需修筑挡墙、石砌护坡或护脚等工程以保证路基和山体的稳定;当路线不能避让必须通过特殊或不良地质、水文的地区或路段时,路基工程应针对其具体情况和特征,采取防治措施。
为适应行车作用和自然因素的影响,在路基上行车道范围内,用各种筑路材料修筑多层次的坚固、稳定、平整和一定粗糙度的路面。其构造一般由面层、基层(承重层)、垫层组成,表面应做成路拱以利排水。路面按其使用特性分为高、次高、中级、低级路面四级。按其在荷载作用下的力学特性,路面可分为刚性路面和柔性路面。
水的作用是造成路基、路面和沿线构筑物的病害和冲毁的主因。根据来源不同分为地表水和地下水。地表水若沿道路表面流向或渗入路基土内时,可能将冲毁路基的路肩和边坡以及路面;地下水能使路基湿软,降低土基强度和路面承载力,严重时可引起翻浆或边坡滑坍,导致交通中断。
排水工程要与水利灌溉相配合,地面排水和地下排水兼顾,路基路面排水与桥涵工程相结合。总的要求是查明情况,全面考虑,因地制宜,就地取材,防重于治,经济适用。
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇四
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇五
20xx年3月13、3月26、4月16日、4月23日、5月7日、5月21日
兰州市仅雁大桥施工工地、兰州东岗立交桥施工工地
通过外出的参观实习,使学生能够初步认识桥梁的上、下部构造及桥梁的几种常见的桥型、了解桥梁方向的专业知识。提高学生对桥梁的感性认识、为正在进行的毕业设计和以后的工作打下良好的基础。
桥梁工程实习作为毕业前的重要教学内容,也作为实践教学活动的必要环节,对于我们即将毕业的大四学生来说,是必要的,也是及时的,它不仅对我们正在进行的毕业设计起到了一定的辅助作用,也为今后的工作积累了重要的基本理论知识的,为我们更好的更快的进入工作状态补了一节重要的实践课。
这次实习的内容主要是了解钻孔灌注桩构造及施工工艺、城市立交桥设计方法、架梁工艺、碗扣支架施工工艺等,通过这些内容的了解,基本掌握桥梁上部结构和下部结构的施工方法,了解最基本的桥梁概念。
在20xx年3月,我们到了黄河金雁大桥施工现场,我们到那时,那些工程人员正在灌注桩基础,该工地的技术人员给我们简单介绍了钻孔灌注桩的施工工艺,该桥的桩基础最长为42米,钻孔方法主要是冲击成孔法,该方法比旋转钻孔法的适用条件要广。施工时基本无噪音、无振动、无地面隆起或侧移,因此对环境和周边建筑物危害小,扩底钻孔灌注桩能更好地发挥桩端承载力,经常设计成一柱一桩,桩顶上部无需做承台,因此,简化了基础结构形式,钻孔灌注桩通常布桩间距大,群桩效应小,可以穿越各种土层,更可以嵌入基岩,这是别的桩型很难做到的,施工设备简单轻便,能在较低的净空条件下设桩,承载力较高。
平整场地→泥浆制备→埋设护筒→铺设工作平台→安装钻机并定位→钻进成孔→清孔并检查成孔质量→下放钢筋笼→灌注水下混凝土→拔出护筒→检查质量。
(1)施工准备:
施工准备包括:选择钻机、钻具、场地布置等。钻机是钻孔灌注桩施工的主要设备,可根据地质情况和各种钻孔机的应用条件来选择。
(2)钻孔机的安装与定位:
安装钻孔机的基础如果不稳定,施工中易产生钻孔机倾斜、桩倾斜和桩偏心等不良影响,因此要求安装地基稳固。对地层较软和有坡度的地基,可用推土机推平,在垫上钢板或枕木加固。为防止桩位不准,施工中很重要的是定好中心位置和正确的安装钻孔机,对有钻塔的钻孔机,先利用钻机的动力与附近的地笼配合,将钻杆移动大致定位,再用千斤顶将机架顶起,准确定位,使起重滑轮、钻头或固定钻杆的卡孔与护筒中心在一垂线上,以保证钻机的垂直度。钻机位置的偏差不大于2cm。对准桩位后,用枕木垫平钻机横梁,并在塔顶对称于钻机轴线上拉上缆风绳。
(3)埋设护筒:
钻孔成败的关键是防止孔壁坍塌。当钻孔较深时,在地下水位以下的孔壁土在静水压力下会向孔内坍塌、甚至发生流砂现象。钻孔内若能保持壁地下水位高的水头,增加孔内静水压力,能为孔壁、防止坍孔。护筒除起到这个作用外,同时好有隔离地表水、保护孔口地面、固定桩孔位置和钻头导向作用等。制作护筒的材料有木、钢、钢筋混凝土三种。护筒要求坚固耐用,不漏水,其内径应比钻孔直径大,每节长度约2-3m。该钻孔就用钢护筒。
(4)泥浆制备:
钻孔泥浆由水、粘土(膨润土)和添加剂组成。具有浮悬钻渣、冷却钻头、润滑钻具,增大静水压力,并在孔壁形成泥皮,隔断孔内外渗流,防止坍孔的作用。调制的钻孔泥浆及经过循环净化的泥浆,应根据钻孔方法和地层情况来确定泥浆稠度,泥浆稠度应视地层变化或操作要求机动掌握,泥浆太稀,排渣能力小、护壁效果差;泥浆太稠会削弱钻头冲击功能,降低钻进速度。
(5)钻孔:
钻孔是一道关键工序,在施工中必须严格按照操作要求进行,才能保证成孔质量,首先要注意开孔质量,为此必须对好中线及垂直度,并压好护筒。在施工中要注意不断添加泥浆和抽渣(冲击式用),还要随时检查成孔是否有偏斜现象。采用冲击式或冲抓式钻机施工时,附近土层因受到震动而影响邻孔的稳固。所以钻好的孔应及时清孔,下放钢筋笼和灌注水下混凝土。钻孔的顺序也应实事先规划好,既要保证下一个桩孔的施工不影响上一个桩孔,又要使钻机的移动距离不要过远和相互干扰。
(6)清孔:
钻孔的深度、直径、位置和孔形直接关系到成桩质量与桩身曲直。为此,除了钻孔过程中密切观测监督外,在钻孔达到设计要求深度后,应对孔深、孔位、孔形、孔径等进行检查。在终孔检查完全符合设计要求时,应立即进行孔底清理,避免隔时过长以致泥浆沉淀,引起钻孔坍塌。清孔方法是使用的钻机不同而灵活应用。通常可采用正循环旋转钻机、反循环旋转机真空吸泥机以及抽渣筒等清孔。其中用吸泥机清孔,所需设备不多,操作方便,清孔也较彻底,但在不稳定土层中应慎重使用。其原理就是用压缩机产生的高压空气吹入吸泥机管道内将泥渣吹出。
(7)灌注水下混凝土:
清完孔之后,就可将预制的钢筋笼垂直吊放到孔内,定位后要加以固定,然后用导管灌注混凝土,灌注时混凝土不要中断,否则易出现断桩现象。
我们也了解到钢筋骨架的构造,该桩基础所用的钢筋骨架直径为1.2m,纵向受力钢筋为φ32,箍筋为φ[email protected],骨架间用螺纹套管连接方式,纵筋上设置混凝土保护层厚度控制块,用来控制混凝土最小保护层厚度,在笼内沿纵向设置测伸管,底部密封,并且装满水,用来测定混凝土浇筑的密实度,测定是否有混凝土断层现象。
在20xx年4-5月,我们到了兰州东岗立交桥施工现场,我们在工程技术人员的简解下,了解了城市立交桥整体设计、墩台施工工艺、架梁工艺。碗扣支架施工工艺等。
城市立交桥建设规模大,占地面积大,内容复杂。通常一座立交桥工程包括桥梁(除主桥外,含人行天桥和通道桥)、道路、给排水(给水、雨水和污水)、电力、通讯、燃气、路灯等专业工程,工程量大,且各专业工程的相互制约影响较大,施工中须统筹安排,协调配合。要充分考虑施工期交通组织安排,尽量避免对交通及行人产生大的影响。通常采用修便道或压缩现有机动车道的方法施工。要充分考虑原有管线拆移。现有管线与新建管线纵横密布,在施工中必须通盘考虑,不影响既有管线发挥正常作用。立交桥往往占地面积较大,红线范围较窄,经常会遇到拆迁工作。为尽量少影响交通并改善周围环境,城市桥梁施工工期一般都很紧,而质量目标要求又高,且参加施工的作业队伍较多,需要项目经理部做大量有效的协调组织工作。
①尽量少占用地、节省投资的原则,利用道路红线内范围解决;
②合理布置材料、半成品仓库、设备堆积场以及预制构件厂,缩短运距;
③尽量利用已有或拟建的建筑物及设施,以便减少大型临时设施的工程费;
④符合劳动保护、环保及防火、安全要求。
(1)详细收集、了解交叉口所处位置的道路总体规划、道路等级、各向流量、地形地质、相邻交叉口、地下管道等因素。
在第一点的基础上进行综合分析、合理布置、统筹兼顾,保证主要交通流方向方便、流畅、满足交通功能的要求。
(3)平纵线性流畅,满足规范要求。
(4)桥下空间通透感好,桥梁跨径适度,桥墩布置合理。
(5)桥梁技术先进合理,施工期间对交通影响较小。
(6)占地相对较小、投资较省。
该工地技术人员也给我们详细介绍了碗扣支架的施工工艺,支架工程设计分为:基础工程、支架、纵梁三个部分,要进行基底承载力、强度、刚度、挠度和稳定性检算,从而确定基础的形式、杆件的间距、数量。首先根据现场地质情况、桥跨结构,本着施工方便、安全、经济的原则选用支架类型。碗扣支架均采用外径φ48mm标准杆件进行组装,每根立杆下端均设定型圆盘支座或木垫板,并按要求设置剪刀撑。立杆顶端安装可调式u形支托,先在支托内安装横向方木,再按设计间距和标高安装纵向方木及楔木垫块。钢管的整体稳定性是由基础的不均匀沉降、支架结构的稳定性控制。横桥向按照支架的拼装要求,严格控制竖杆的垂直度以及扫地杆和剪力撑的数量和间距。顺桥向支架和墩身连接,以抵消顺桥向的水平力。同时碗扣式支架通过钢管与军用墩支架连成一体,确保混合支架的强度和整体稳定性。
(1)支架要有足够的强度、刚度和稳定性的要求;
(2)要有简便可行的脱模措施;
(3)支架地基承载力必须满足要求,基础可采用明挖扩大基础、钢管桩基础或钻孔桩基础
(4)支架基础有完好的排水系统。
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇六
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇七
xx年5月15号在赵老师,王老师,商老师及唐老师的带领下,土木工程系进行了为期一天的桥梁认知实习。此实习的目的在于加强学生对桥梁的感性认识,增加学生对桥梁的喜爱,及对土木工程专业未来的就业有个初步的认识。期间共参观了跨越昆都仑景观河的双塔悬索桥——韩土二号桥、独塔斜拉的苏杨二号桥、三跨下承式拱梁组合桥的苏杨一号桥、以及东康线装备制造基地附近的铁路桥、公路桥、横跨乌兰木伦河的预应力混凝土变截面连续刚构桥及乌兰木伦河四号桥。
认知实习的第一站,是位于xx市xx区铁西三期开发区内韩土公路上的韩土二号桥,桥梁部分1170米,其中主桥采用跨径为(49+90+230+90+40=490m)的自锚式悬索桥,中间三跨主梁采用正交异性板钢箱梁,40m边配跨采用现浇预应力钢筋混凝土箱梁结构。钢箱梁全长384m,桥面宽50m,梁高3.0m。钢箱梁距地面26m~35m,不等,主桥钢箱梁及现浇锚固区分别采用直径500螺旋管加钢体系及直径600螺旋加贝蕾体系作为支撑系统。此桥必然成为鄂尔多斯的一亮点。
第二站我们来到了东胜市铁西新区的苏杨二号桥,它由山东公路桥梁公司承建的,是目前国内最宽的桥梁之一,桥高2.5米,桥宽50米。为保证箱梁外轮廓尺寸及部件位置准确,在现场利用型钢制作一个总拼胎架,按照苏杨二号桥的架梁顺序,全桥共进行3次预拼装,每次预拼装3-5个梁段。
塔高处孔为圆孔,此不仅美观,有新意,还可以大大减小风力对塔的影响,使桥可以使用更长久。此处必然成为鄂尔多斯旅游景观的又一亮点。
认知实习的第三站是距离苏杨二号桥仅一里之遥的苏杨一号景观桥。苏杨一号桥位于铁西三期与大兴园区结合部,桥长160米,宽50米,为“彩虹型”三跨下承式拱梁组合桥,主跨为(35+90+35=160m)。桥下为高速公路,桥与路的结合必然会促进城市的发展。
东康线装备制造基地附近的铁路桥、公路桥用t梁及箱梁,单排橡胶支座。此铁路桥为xx市到xx市的高铁,铁路桥的建立必然会缩短两个城市之间的沟通,更好的促进两个城市之间的发展。这也是金三角中两角中的强强合作。
横跨乌兰木伦河的预应力混凝土变截面连续刚构桥是由xx市东方路桥集团第二项目部负责承建。此桥为单向双车行道,桥上的照明设施更是高科技的风能与太阳能的完美结合,高效利用有利能源。此外还可以为荣的是此桥的总工为李万龙老师。与它相隔百米的桥与它是一对姊妹。此桥的通车,有利于康巴什与xx旗的沟通,大大方便了人们的出行及货物的流通。
正在紧张施工的横跨乌兰木伦河的双斜塔斜拉桥,修建成后将是康巴什新区及xx市的标志,这意味着鄂尔多斯的发展,内蒙古的发展。乌兰木伦四号桥桥梁全长800m,主跨450m,边跨175m的双斜塔斜拉桥。桥北连新区的政治文化中心区域,南连东红海子风景旅游区。此工程的开发对于密切新区与中心城区联系,促进康巴什新区现代服务业、生态旅游业发展起着至关重要的作用。桥梁总长为1083米,双向四车道,其中主桥跨径为(40+42+42+51)边跨+450中跨+边跨(51+42+42+40)边跨,主跨采用钢箱梁结构,边跨采用预应力混凝土连续箱梁,桥塔为a字形钢塔,塔高125米,桥面以上高105米,向主跨倾斜12?,南桥为3×30m+3×30m预应力混凝土连续箱梁,北桥为25m预应力混凝土简直箱梁,此桥建成后将进一步加强康巴什新区与中心城区的联系,全面促进康巴什新区发展成为以现代服务业和生态旅游业为主导、集休闲度假、体育运动、娱乐健身、商住会议、教育科研与一体与自然融合、生态宜居的北方水上旅游城市。
经过此次的认知实习,让我们真正的看到了图片上桥梁的真正模样,让我们对各种桥梁也有了更深刻的认识,这对我们以后的发展有了很大的影响。更加增大了我们学习道路桥梁的学习兴趣,相信经过几年的学习,几年的奋斗,鄂尔多斯学院的我们土木专业也会出现能设计、修建如此美观、独特的桥梁。
愿我们在这里相聚,在这里起飞。
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇八
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇九
土木工程是一门以经验和实际操作为主的技术性课程,但是我们之前坐在教室里面对着书本的四本教学方式是远远不能满足这门课对学生的要求的。所以这次的土木工程认识实习便显得尤为重要。我们从对桥梁工程的认识开始。
位于人民东路的一架双河大桥:圭塘河大桥、浏阳河大桥。
2、实习中的认识:
通过老师的介绍与讲解,我对这座大桥有了以下的几个新认识,这是长沙的一条跨了两条河的大桥,全长1800米。
桥的上部分为梁、桥台和墩;下部有基础,30~40米深的桩。基座分为支台和梁,以减少道路冲击性。
桥梁中有等高度连续梁、箱梁和帽梁。连续梁高1、6米左右,中间有大量的钢筋支撑。箱梁的中间为空心的,做成一箱多室是为了减轻结构自重,提高抗弯能力。但是两个墩子附近的箱梁中间是实心的。帽梁一般位于两种跨度的桥的交界处,上面有垫石,是为了增大梁与板之间的距离,方便更换支座。
桥墩上面的支座有:盆式橡胶支座,因为橡胶受压会横向膨胀,把橡胶限制在一个钢做的“盆”中,便可以减少其横向膨胀,从而大大地提高了它的受压能力。另一种支座是板式橡胶支座。
梁面上之所以会产生裂缝是因为内部斜筋配置不足。
从桥底看可以看到许多出水孔,这些空是为了排除箱内的积水,同时起到通风的作用。
圭塘桥的主桥为钢筋混凝土拱桥,主跨78米,而且是一座下承式拱桥。
桥面上有大约几厘米宽的伸缩缝,是为了当温度变化引起桥面材料的形变时方便桥梁的伸缩。
桥面上的拱分为:主拱、吊杆和拱座,其中吊杆中间是七根直径五毫米的钢
筋凝成一股的钢绞线。拱座部分受力复杂,里面的钢筋分布密集。
3、网上资料的补充
原名:“人民东路圭塘河大桥”
位置:人民东路与圭塘河交汇处,20xx年底竣工通车。
概况:长155米,宽29米,引桥为预应力三跨连续箱梁。主跨长78米,为下承式系杆拱,两拱圈之间无横向联结,桥型在长沙市独一无二。每条拱圈跨径长75、8米,距桥面17、8米。
洪山庙浏阳河大桥
1、相关图片:
2、实习的认识与网上资料补充:
长沙市洪山大桥(洪山庙浏阳河大桥)是世界上最大跨径的无背索独立塔斜拉桥,大桥主跨206m,跨下没有一个桥墩,桥塔垂直高度为136、8m,塔身倾角为58度,塔身与桥面完全靠13对竖琴式平行钢丝斜拉,塔身采用等截面薄壁空心钢筋砼结构,通过塔基与基础固结。该桥在同类型桥梁中跨度和斜塔高度均居世界第一,其结构新颖,构思独特,体现了结构与建筑艺术的完美的统一。主桥结构形式为无背索斜塔斜拉桥,主跨206米,桥宽33、2米,跨下没有一个桥墩。桥塔垂直高度为136、8m,若加上钢壳基座将超过150米,相当于一座高达50层楼的建筑。塔基采用扩大基础,基础平面尺寸为长31米,宽30米,基础高11米,基础下设25根2、0米深5米的抗滑桩。塔身倾角为58度,塔身与桥面完全靠13对竖琴式平行钢丝斜拉,塔身采用等截面薄壁空心钢筋砼结构,通过塔基与基础固结。塔身为全预应力混凝土箱型结构,主梁为钢混叠合结构,钢结构部分母材均采用16mnq。斜拉索采用直径7mm的高强低松弛镀锌钢丝经捆绞制成的成品索。南岸2#——3#墩辅助孔为预应力钢筋混凝土箱型梁,跨径30、305米。北岸主塔1#墩处异型块匝道梁体采用预应力钢筋混凝土箱型板梁,梁宽10米,高1、25米,单箱三室。
为确保主桥施工的安全,采用钢主梁与混凝土斜塔先后施工的方法。钢梁采用多点连续顶推法施工,通过临时墩和导梁的设置,完成钢梁的安装就位。
在该桥的设计与施工过程中,大胆运用了一系列新技术,包括斜塔主梁平衡施工技术、梁塔双控应力调索施工技术、14米超长钢混结构大挑梁设计与施工、大型六角型钢箱梁的扭转设计与施工。这些技术的运用,突破了传统的设计与施工组织方案,丰富了国际桥梁建设理论,填补了我国桥梁建设史上的空白。
8月31日橘子洲大桥
在该桥的设计与施工过程中,大胆运用了一系列新技术,包括斜塔主梁平衡施工技术、梁塔双控应力调索施工技术、14米超长钢混结构大挑梁设计与施工、大型六角型钢箱梁的扭转设计与施工。这些技术的运用,突破了传统的设计与施工组织方案,丰富了国际桥梁建设理论,填补了我国桥梁建设史上的空白。
8月31日橘子洲大桥
1、相关图片:
2、实习中的认识:
原名“湘江一桥”,是湘江上面第一座大桥。只用了一年的时间就建好了,花费1800万。是一座有着二十多个拱的拱桥,它的主拱形式和赵州桥的不一样,赵州桥是板拱,二橘子洲大桥为双曲拱桥。从下往上可以观察到拱肋、拱版和拱波。双曲拱桥适合在山区造建,此时它的基础就不必造得比较大。双曲拱桥经济、跨度大、跨越能力大、用的钢筋少,如果拱轴选的合适的话整个拱是受压的,可以完全用石材建造。双曲拱桥是由隋朝的李春发明的,它增大了过水面积,减少了建筑用的材料。?拱桥最容易出事故,这是由它的受力特点造成的。拱桥的拱角不稳,产生水平位移,拱轴线改变,就很容易出事故。一个孔跨了其他的就跟着一起跨。所以修建拱桥对施工工艺的要求很高,一定要严谨,但是施工程序简洁,不需要搭设支架。多孔连拱是为了平衡推力,但是两边的跨度要尽可能一致。
沉井基础:以沉井作为基础结构,将上部荷载传至地基的一种深基础。沉井是一个无底无盖的井筒,一般由刃脚、井壁、隔墙等部分组成。在沉井内挖土使其下沉,达到设计标高后,进行混凝土封底、填心、修建顶盖,构成沉井基础。
3、网上资料补充:
橘子洲大桥,于1971年9月6日正式开工,1972年10月1日建成通车。其总投资1800万元人民币,主要用于购置原料和建材、设备。建设用工主要来自于居民的义务投入。桥为大型钢筋混凝土双曲拱公路桥,全长1250米,主桥21跨,其中正桥17跨双曲拱桥、最大宽径76米,桥面净宽20米,其中车行道14米,两边人行道各3米。共有18个台墩,在橘洲上有支桥,支桥长282米,宽8米。大河的墩身为混凝土浇筑,小河的墩身用块片石嵌砌。
原名:“湘江一桥”、“五一大桥”“湘江大桥”。长沙橘子洲大桥(湘江一桥),习惯上称为“长沙湘江大桥”,因为它是湘江上面第一座大桥,位于湖南长沙城区五一大道(长沙)西端、经橘子洲到溁湾镇之间,是长沙市横跨湘江连接城区的“第一座桥梁”。
汊矶大桥
1、相关图片
2、实习认识与网上资料补充
三汊矶大桥,全长1577米,是悬索大桥,而且是我国最大的自锚式悬索大桥。湘江三汉矶大桥地处长沙市二环线的北环线,是一座目前国内跨度最大的自锚式悬索桥,西起潇湘大道西侧,东止湘江大道东侧,全长1442m,主桥主孔跨径达328m,边跨132m,两边对称排列。大桥由主桥、塔柱、悬索吊杆、桥墩、桥面组成,主桥为钢箱梁。三汊矶大桥全长1577米,其中主桥长732米,主跨长328米。该桥跨度达328米的自锚式悬索桥,在同类桥梁中居世界第一。二环线路幅宽46米,6车道,设计车速为60公里/小时,道路环绕长沙城,通过互通式立交桥,将纵横城区的数十条城市主干道及107、319、长常高速等连在一起。
桥身主要结构是由两根巨大的钢索绳牵引,桥身所有重量全部分布在这两根钢索绳上,在桥面还分布着许多的吊绳,吊绳内部分布着无数根钢角线它们的主要作用是分担整座大桥所需要承受的承载力,为悬索绳减负增加大桥的使用寿命,大桥是分机动车道和非机动车道两种类型,中央设置了中央分格带,桥面两边设置了紧急停车道,为各种事故车辆预留了紧急避让空间,这样就会很好的避免交通堵塞从而减少交通事故的再一次发生。
桥面铺装中大量使用环氧树脂类材料。据中国环氧树脂行业协会专家介绍,该大桥主跨钢箱梁桥面铺装先要在钢板上喷砂除锈,喷环氧富锌漆防腐,做环氧环水层防渗,然后用橡胶沥青砂胶做缓冲层。缓冲层全部做完之后,开始通过浇注式摊铺沥青混凝土,最后摊铺改性沥青,洒布改性乳化沥青。主跨以外的主桥部分及东西引桥,因基础为钢筋混凝土,桥面铺装时只要做好防水和防氧层即可摊铺沥青。
通过这次认识实习,我了解到了许多以前不清楚的有关桥梁和力学的知识,比如说:受弯的构件一般是空心的,二受压的构件一般是实心的;桥墩做成斜交的是为了适应道路线形的变化;梁只有竖向力,而拱可以产生水平推力??
同时,我也了解到了许多桥梁工程方面的专业术语:桥墩、桥台、梁、基座、支座??
我还认识了很多不同类型的桥梁,通过上网查询资料和老师的指导,我知道了桥梁可以根据不同的性质分为多种,它们包括:(1)按使用性分:公路桥、公铁两用桥、人行桥、机耕桥、过水桥等。
(2)按跨径大小和多跨总长分为:特大桥、大桥、中桥、小桥、涵洞。其中:特大桥:多孔跨径总长≥500米,单孔跨径≥100米大桥:多孔跨径总长≥100米,单孔跨径≥40米中桥:30米<多孔跨径总长<100米,20≤单孔跨径<40米小桥:8米≤多孔跨径总长
(4)按承重构件受力情况可分为:梁桥、板桥、拱桥、钢结构桥、吊桥、组合体系桥(斜拉桥、悬索桥)。
(5)按使用年限可分为:永久性桥、半永久性桥、临时桥。
(6)按材料类型分为:木桥、圬工桥、钢筋砼桥、预应力桥、钢桥。
我对桥梁的兴趣也大大的提高了。桥梁的景观性比起隧道和铁路强很多,这次认识实习也是一次不错的集体旅游观光。
总之,通过这次桥梁工程认识实习,我直观的了解了有关桥梁的许多第一手的.资料,与桥梁专家密切接触、解答疑惑,如坐春风,受益匪浅。
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十一
规划建设法案与城市区域开发制度,建立一套合理的科学的城市综合开发制度,包括立体交通制度、公共沟制度、地下停车场规划建设与管理制度、集中供热系统建设制度、中心城区再开发制度等因此学校在我们实习的时候给我们请中国工程院的院士xxx教授来给我们做了一篇关于地下空间的发展和利用的学术报告。报告共分六部分内容,具体如下:
1、地铁。
2、其他设施。燃气管道网络,供水网络,污水排放网络,电力管线,暖气系统,电话信息系统,公共设施管道,人行道网络,停车场,地下购物中心,地下道路等。
1、土地价格昂贵。
2、气候条件。
3、人类对地面的使用。
4、核防护屏障。
1、成本高。越深越高。
2、拆除十分困难等。
1、各国的情况各不相同。
2、在日本,土地所有者拥有空中权和直到地心的地下空间所有权。xxx年生效《深层地下空间使用法》。
1、地震。
2、洪水。
3、火灾等。
1、使用深层地下空间多。
2、拆除非常困难。
3、行人更易受到伤害,尤其是老人们。
4、开发娱乐区域的潜力。
由于我国社会城市化的程度和速度越来越高,因此,向地下发展空间显得日益重要,另外一些需要严格保密和高度安全的工程也最好是建在地下。再者一个国家对其地下资源的利用也是表明它综合实力的一个重要部分。总之总之,在城市经济高度发展的今天,不积极开发利用地下空间而想进一步扩大城市中间的空间容量和实用效能是非常困难的。
实习日期:xxx年6月20日
实习目的:参观校内北区双桥的施工现场,了解一般小型桥梁的施工过程及工程中的注意事项
实习地点:校北区南北桥
组员:xxxx
6月20日吃过早饭,我们就在楼下等着老师来。今天的任务是参观校园内的南北两座正在修建的桥。
老师来后,我们在老师的带领下先看了北桥。这是一座拱桥,总跨度25米,共有三跨,中间跨度12米,两边跨度6.5米。桥墩为圆柱形,上部直径1.5米,下部直径2米。施工期间工人每天挖一米,十多米的桥墩基础挖了十天左右。
南桥和北桥所跨越的是同一条小河。河的另一边原是xxx的校区,现已被我们学校买下,并建起了宿舍楼。为了下学期搬进新宿舍的学生方便上课,修建了这两座桥。南桥是双跨拱桥。两座桥相距不远,建好后一定会为学校增加不少的风景。
今天的实习任务是观看有关混凝土的教学录象,通过一个小时的对混凝土的了解和学习我大体上知道了这一在现代建筑中几乎离不开的材料的一些讯息:(1)混凝土是当代世界最主要的土木工程材料之一。它是由胶结材料、骨料和水按一定比例配制,经过搅拌振捣成型,在一定条件下养护而成的人造石料。混凝土具有原料丰富,价格低廉,生产工艺简单的特点,因而其使用两越来越大;同时混凝土还具有抗压强度高,耐久性好,强度等级范围广,使用范围十分广泛,不仅在各种土木工程中使用,就是在造船业,机械工业,海洋开发,地热工程等中,混凝土也是重要的材料。其种类很多,按胶凝材料的不同,分为水泥混凝土(有叫普通混凝土)、沥青混凝土、石膏混凝土及聚合物混凝土等;按表观密度的不同,分为重混凝土(密度》2600kg/m^3)普通混凝土(密度=1950--2600kg/m^3),轻混凝土(密度《1950kg/m^3);按使用功能不同,分为结构用混凝土、道路混凝土、水工混凝土、耐热混凝土、耐酸混凝土及防辐射混凝土等;按施工工艺不同,又分为喷射混凝土、振动灌浆混凝土等。为了克服混凝土抗拉强度低的缺陷,人们还将混凝土与其他材料复合,出现了钢筋混凝土,预应力混凝土,各种纤维增强混凝土及聚合物浸渍混凝土等。
(2)混凝土的早期养护:混凝土常见的裂缝,大多数是不同深度的表面裂缝,其主要原因是温度梯度造成寒冷地区的温度骤降也容易形成裂缝。因此说混凝土的保温对防止表面早期裂缝尤其重要。从温度应力观点出发,保温应达到下述要求:1)防止混凝土内外温度差及混凝土表面梯度,防止表面裂缝。2)防止混凝土超冷,应该尽量设法使混凝土的施工期最低温度不低于混凝土使用期的稳定温度。
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十二
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十三
一个人的知识和能力只有在实践中才能发挥作用,才能得到丰富、完善和发展。大学生成长,就要勤于实践,将所学的理论知识与实践相结合一起,在实践中继续学习,不断总结,逐步完善,有所创新,并在实践中提高自己由知识、能力、智慧等因素融合成的综合素质和能力,为自己事业的成功打下良好的基础。
土木工程是建造各类工程设施的学科、技术和工程的总称。它既指与与人类生活、生产活动有关的各类工程设施,如建筑公程、公路与城市道路工程、铁路工程、桥梁工程、隧道工程等,也指应用材料、设备在土地上所进行的勘测、设计、施工等工程技术活动。土木工程是社会和科技发展所需要的“衣、食、住、行”的先行官之一;它在任何一个国家的国民经济中都占有举足轻重的地位。
作为一名刚刚接触专业知识的大学生来说,如果在学习专业课之前直接就接触深奥的专业知识是不科学的,为此,学院带领我们进行了这次实习活动,让我们从实践中对这门自己即将从事的专业获得一个感性认识,为今后专业课的学习打下坚实的基础。
桥梁以主要的受力构件为基本依据,可分为梁式桥、拱式桥、钢架桥、斜拉桥、悬索桥五大类。
1.梁式桥。主梁为主要承重构件,受力特点为主梁受弯。主要材料为钢筋混凝土、预应力混凝土,多用于中小跨径桥梁。简支梁桥合理最大跨径约20米,悬臂梁桥与连续梁桥合宜的最大跨径约60-70米。
2.拱式桥。拱肋为主要承重构件,受力特点为拱肋承压、支承处有水平推力。主要材料是圬工、钢筋砼,适用范围视材料而定。跨径从几十米到三百多米都有,目前我国最大跨径钢筋砼拱桥为170米。
3.刚架桥。是一种桥跨结构和吨台结构整体相连的桥梁,支柱与主梁共同受力,受力特点为支柱与主梁刚性连接,在主梁端部产生负弯矩,减少了跨中截面正弯矩,而支座不仅提供竖向力还承受弯矩。主要材料为钢筋砼,适宜于中小跨度,如立交桥、高架桥等。
4.斜拉桥。梁、索、塔为主要承重构件,利用索塔上伸出的若干斜拉索在梁跨内增加了弹性支承,减小了梁内弯矩而增大了跨径。受力特点为外荷载从梁传递到索,再到索塔。主要材料为预应力钢索、混凝土、钢材。适宜于中等或大型桥梁。
5.悬索桥。主缆为主要承重构件,受力特点为外荷载从梁经过系杆传递到主缆,再到两端锚锭。主要材料为预应力钢索、混凝土、钢材,适宜于大型及超大型桥梁。
7月15号,上午8:00,我们在学校的电影院前集合,集体坐车开往参观xx河上的大桥。我们的第一站是横跨xx河和xx河的xx河大桥。它自西向东分别由xx河西引桥、xx河大桥、高架桥、xx河大桥和xx河大桥东引桥5座桥梁组成。是梁式桥和拱式桥结合的典型代表。其中,xx河大桥和xx河大桥为水桥,其余3座为旱桥。xx河大桥为典型的下承式拱桥,其中引桥为预应力三跨连续箱梁,全桥总长170米,主桥长140米,拱长75.8米,桥宽32米。xx河大桥全长281米(其中主跨125米,边跨各78米),桥面宽29米。我们在老师的带领下先参观了引桥和主桥的桥墩,分析了桥面内部的组成,认识了拱桥的特点。随后我们从桥上走过xx河和xx河,感受了巨拱的独特设计之后,马不停蹄的奔赴下一站:xx大桥。站在观景台上,我们静静地观看这名副其实的“世界第一跨”。xxxx大桥在同类型桥梁中跨度和斜塔高度均居世界第一。主桥结构形式为无背索斜塔斜拉桥,主跨206米,跨下没有一个桥墩,塔身与桥面完全靠13对竖琴式平行钢丝斜拉。斜拉桥塔身采用等截面薄壁空心钢筋混凝土结构,通过塔基与基础固结,主梁也是钢箱梁……听着老师略带自豪的言语,我们也不得不感叹xx人的勇气与创造力。而第一天的参观也在同学们的一阵阵感叹中结束。
7月16号,上午8:00,同样的队伍,同样的我们再次出发,这次是去领略xx大桥的风采。汽车先停在一座巨型悬索桥边,这就是xx上的xx大桥。不愧是亚洲第一,世界第二的自锚式悬索桥——xx大桥东西由引桥混凝土浇注长845米,主跨长328米,主桥长732米,桥面宽为29米,其中机动车道宽23米,两侧非机动车道各宽3米,全桥总长为1577米,总高达到124.3米,堪称xx上最高的桥梁。按照惯例的从下到上的参观方式,我们在老师的指引下充分领略了这座桥的恢宏,也暗叹了工程的难度之大,耗资之巨。走在雕花的桥面上,来在xx的微风拂面而来,看着一根根系杆笔直的连接上唯美曲线的主缆,听着老师讲解着自锚式妙用,有一种感觉那就是我也要为设计出这样的桥梁而努力!再次上车后,我们来到了最后参观的一座桥——xx北大桥。它全长3616米,宽25米,分为4车道,1991年1月30日,正式通车。有相当的历史。但在当时由于是连接我国东西南北两条国道线的枢纽,所以采用的技术是相当先进的。大桥共有桥墩159个,千吨级船只在桥下可顺畅通航。跨越xx的主桥由双塔单索面预应力混凝土斜拉桥和两侧分别为连续梁所组成,总长为1025.26m。两岸引桥总长1330.68m。主桥桥宽为净25m,斜拉桥的主梁为三室闭合箱梁。采用全断面一次总体式悬浇施工。桥塔采用倒y型独柱结构,塔柱上部锚固段为h型截面,高31.3m,下部塔腿为矩形截面,高22.42m,两腿与双壁塔墩通过横梁刚性连接。塔墩基础采用14根φ2m的钻孔灌注桩,用双壁钢围堰施工……由此可见当时设计者对细节的把握是很到位的(尽管还不知所以然)。目睹略显沧桑的桥身,老师说它的寿命是一百年,让我们暗叹的同时,很难想象那时的物是人非。带着一丝不舍,我们踏上了归路,挥一挥手告别,天边还是朵朵白云。
大学生活是紧张而又充满期望的日子,学习的闲暇时总是憧憬着背起行囊,远离亲人朋友以及师长护佑,去走真正属于自己的路。然而当我们终于可以像刚刚长满羽毛的雏鹰般离开长者们搭建好的巢穴,独自一人走上社会工作这个大舞台时,却发现人生的道路原来是如此的坎坷不平,任何人的成功都是经历一番狂风暴雨的。
短短2天的实习生活中,让我学会了不少东西,原来的那种心高气傲没有了,取而代之的是脚踏实地的努力工作学习。当我摆正自己的心态,从初涉社会工作的被动状态转变到开始适应社会的主动状态,以放松的心情,充沛的精力重新回到紧张的学习工作当中时,我忽然有种这样的感受:短短2天,仿佛思想又得到了一次升华,心中又多了一份人生感悟。
这次实习让我深 刻体会到读书固然是增长知识开阔眼界的途径,但是多一些实践,畅徉于实事当中,触摸一下社会的脉搏,给自己定个位,也是一种绝好的提高自身综合素质的选择。
此次实习使我跳出了象牙塔,来到了工地实习,在社会这个大学校中学习实践知识。这也是我第一次真正接触社会,感受社会。
最后感谢这次实习的带队老师,谢谢你们陪我们一起风吹日晒。真诚地道一声,你们辛苦了,谢谢你
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十四
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十六
一、实习时间
20xx年5月31日
二、实习地点
马鞍山长江公路大桥北岸,南岸接线工程
三、实习目的
通过外出的参观实习,使学生能够初步认识桥梁的上、下部构造及桥梁的几种常见的桥型、了解桥梁方向的专业知识。提高学生对桥梁的感性认识、为学习的《桥梁工程》专业课增加更近一步的认识。
四、实习内容
经过了两个学期的学习后,我们开始了精彩的《桥梁工程》外出实习。
5月31日,往日的太阳被浓密的乌云遮挡了,温度适宜并且非常舒适(虽然之后下了点小雨)。我们从学校出发,乘坐校车,大概用了三个多小时,就到了马鞍山工地。早已在集合地点等待的项目经理和总工给我们做了工程简明的介绍后,便带我们深入了工地。
在这里有必要对我们的实习地点马鞍山长江公路大桥工程加以说明。据老师介绍,马鞍山长江大桥起于当涂县牛路口(苏皖界),接拟建的溧水至马鞍山高速公路江苏段,在马鞍山江心洲位置处跨越长江,止于和县姥桥,暂接省道206线,全长36、140公里,其中长江大桥长11、000公里,南岸接线长19、490公里,北岸接线长5、650公里。
我们这次去的地方是南岸接线高架路部分和长江大桥北岸工程。
马鞍山长江公路大桥南岸接线长19、32公里,路线起点大桥南端,终点位于皖苏界的马鞍山当涂县牛路口,与拟建的马鞍山至溧水公路江苏段相接,设大、中桥2座,涵洞道43个,通道17道,匝道及立交桥5座。我们观看的是其中的一段工程。包括预制箱梁施工段和现场满堂支架浇筑段。在预制梁段,老师带我们从一个简易的扶梯上到高架桥,桥上的护栏还没有浇筑,只绑扎好了钢筋。桥梁的主体结构已经完成,只剩下桥面铺装了。在桥上每隔一段距离就会有一个可以进人的洞口留在箱梁的上表面。老师介绍说这些箱梁都是在预制场预制而成的,因为箱梁不同于其他形式的实心梁,故在浇筑时箱梁内部需搭设模板,这些洞口正是供施工使用。在现浇梁段,我们看到有一部分已经浇筑完成,另一部分只绑扎好了钢筋,还没有浇筑混凝土。南岸接线工程采用预应力混凝土箱梁形式,我们知道:普通混凝土框结构由于跨度小、柱网密,无法满足多种功能的需要,而预应力可以有效解决以上问题。预应力混凝土能充分发挥材料的效能,在相同条件下,它比普通钢筋混凝土构件截面小,重量轻、刚度大,抗裂性和耐久性好,能有效地控制结构的挠度(甚至无挠度),节约钢材40%~50%,节约混凝土20%~40%,特别在大跨度结构中更为经济。在张拉预应力连续梁桥结构中,结构构件在承受外荷载前,预先对外荷载产生拉应力部位的混凝土预加压应力,造成人为的压应力状态,预加压应力可以抵消外荷载所引起的大部分或全部拉应力,这样在外荷载作用下混凝土拉应力不大或处于受压状态,使混凝土结构不开裂,提高结构的刚度和结构的耐久性。箱形梁的截面为闭口截面,其抗扭刚度和横向刚度比一般开口截面大得多,可使梁的荷载分布比较均匀。箱梁一般做的较薄,材料利用合理,自重较轻,跨越能力大。箱形截面梁更多的是用于连续梁,t型刚构等大跨度桥梁。从现场来辨认此梁采用的是后张法。后张法指的是先浇筑水泥混凝土,待达到设计强度的75%以上后再张拉预应力钢材以形成预应力混凝土构件的施工方法。在预制场内我们可以看到其整个的施工过程。先制作构件,并在构件体内按预应力筋的位置留出相应的孔道,待构件的混凝土强度达到规定的强度(一般不低于设计强度标准值的75%)后,在预留孔道中穿入预应力筋进行张拉,并利用锚具把张拉后的预应力筋锚固在构件的端部,依靠构件端部的锚具将预应力筋的预张拉力传给混凝土,使其产生预压应力;最后在孔道中灌入水泥浆,使预应力筋与混凝土构件形成整体。
我们一行人来到施工现场的高架桥下,有的桥已经建成,还有的只有桥墩立在地面上。按桥的用途,桥梁可分为公路桥、铁路桥、公路铁路桥、农用桥、人行桥、运水桥、专用桥梁。按跨越障碍物的性质,桥梁又可分为跨河桥、跨线桥、高架桥和栈桥。故我们面前的桥称为城市道路高架桥。
为了让我们更深的了解桥梁的上、下部构造,老师给我们仔细的讲解道:桥梁的支撑结构为桥墩和桥台。桥台是桥梁两端桥头的支撑结构,是道路与桥梁的连接点。桥墩是多跨桥的支撑结构,桥台和桥墩都是由台(墩)帽、台身(墩身)和基础组成的。
在我们正前方,有两个桥的墩柱立在地面上,正有工人通过脚手架在其上搭建模板。从模板搭建的形状可以判断这是一道梁,老师说这种结构称为盖梁。
柱式墩台示意图
那什么是盖梁呢?盖梁与普通的钢筋混凝土粱有何区别呢?原来钢筋混凝土深受弯构件具有与普通钢筋混凝土梁不同的受力特点和破坏特征,因此,对于跨高比小于5的钢筋混凝土梁要按深受弯构件进行设计计算。广泛用于公路桥梁的钢筋混凝土排架墩台在横桥向是由钢筋混凝土盖梁与柱(桩)组成的刚架结构,实际工程中需根据不同情况按简化图示来计算钢筋混凝土盖梁。
中午我们吃了简餐之后就奔向另一个目的地马鞍山长江公路大桥北岸施工现场。
通过项目部的工程介绍我们知道:马鞍山长江公路大桥左汊主桥桥型方案为主跨2×1080m三塔悬索桥,桥位于江心洲桥位。主桥净宽33m,设计车速100km/h。桥跨布置为360+1080+1080+360m,分北引桥、北锚碇、跨江大桥、南锚碇、江心洲引桥5大部分。我们参观的是中交二航局中的mq-03标段:左汊主桥北边塔。其中心里程为k6+920、00,距离长江大堤100m。基础采用54根φ2、5m钻孔灌注桩,桩底持力层为微风化泥质砂岩;钻孔桩钢护筒外径2、8m,长度25、15m,设计中考虑钢护筒作为永久结构使用。承台为矩形,平面尺寸为69、6×32、1m;承台顶标高为+7、00m,承台厚6m。边塔结构设计为门式结构,由(下、中、上)塔柱,塔顶装饰及下、上横梁组成,其中塔柱为钢筋混凝土结构,上、下横梁为预应力混凝土结构。塔高(从塔座顶面算起)为165、3m,桥面以上塔高约为132、2m,主塔塔柱横桥向宽度为6、0m,顺桥向宽度为8~10m,塔柱间中心距:塔顶处35m,承台处43、5m,斜率1:39、6、
课堂上我们学习到:悬索桥是以承受拉力的缆索或链索作为主要承重构件的桥梁,由悬索、索塔、锚碇、吊杆、桥面系等部分组成。悬索桥的主要承重构件是悬索,它主要承受拉力,一般用抗拉强度高的钢材(钢丝、钢绞线、钢缆等)制作。由于悬索桥可以充分利用材料的强度,并具有用料省、自重轻的特点,因此悬索桥在各种体系桥梁中的跨越能力最大,跨径可以达到1000米以上。荷载通过缆索传到两边的地锚上。在现场我们看到了地锚锚固体系。
五、主要收获及体会
持续了一天的实习已经结束了,一天的时间不能说很长,可是它带给我们的是永远无法忘却的回忆。
通过《桥梁工程》的外出实习,我对桥梁的几种常见桥型有了新的认识。特别是参观各种桥型的同时还有老师细心的讲解,使我们更加深刻的认识了桥梁的上、下部构造及桥梁的一些附属设施。同时,此行也给我们提供了一个拓宽桥梁专业知识的机会,并且提高了大伙对桥梁的感性认识,为以后的学习工作打下了良好的基础。
由于对《桥梁工程》课本的不熟悉,这次实习自己的准备有些不足,我还有很多的知识没有掌握扎实。在以后的学习过程中,我会做到多看、多听、多问,并且逐渐巩固和拓展自己的桥梁专业知识。
桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十七
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桥梁工程技术实训报告 桥梁工程实践篇十八
桥梁实习是桥梁课程教学计划中的一个有机组成部分,是土木工程专业的一个重要的实践。通过组织参观各类桥梁,观摩施工的要点,从更为直观的角度去看桥,对桥梁的构造形成空间的体系。参观结束后,通过参观笔记和查阅一些与桥梁有关的资料和素材来完成实习报告,加深对桥梁基本知识的进一步理解。
通过实习,应达到以下目的:
了解一般桥梁工程的整个设计过程;
了解桥梁的总平面布置、桥梁分类及功能作用、结构类型及特点、结构构件布置及荷载传递路线、主要节点的细部构造和处理方法等;
了解桥梁的施工方法;
了解桥梁、结构、施工之间的相互关系;
为即将进入工作岗位打下坚实的基础。
20xx年2月29日—3月13日
1、重庆交通大学
2、四川武胜嘉陵江二桥
3、四川武胜嘉陵江一桥
4、合川东渡大桥
5、合川南屏大桥
(一)、2月29日,重庆交通大学“08届桥梁工程毕业实习”动员大会。
这里学院书记、院长、各位老师强调了毕业实习的重要性,以及在实习期间安全的重要性,一切以安全为主。最后对实习进行分组。
(二)、3月1日,由顾安邦老教授做“强化桥梁创新理念,提高桥梁建设水平”报告
在创新理念的培养和应用中,工程师的职责是选择一种最合理,最恰当的方案,多想为什么—向不良习惯挑战,多想为什么不—引进新理念,多想如果—
又如何—使我们的创意必须谨慎和稳妥。
(三)、3月2日,由向中富教授讲“桥梁毕业设计的重要性”
桥梁工程设计是建设的关键环节之一,桥梁设计好比电影与摄制。其设计对桥梁建造以及成桥效果起决定性作用。桥梁工程知识学习中,设计是重点之一,它不仅对从事桥梁设计工作十分重要,对桥梁建设管理、施工、施工监控、工程制控、维护管理以及科学研究者也是不可缺少的。
(四)、武胜嘉陵江二桥施工现场参观实习
武胜嘉陵江大桥,属省道304线重点控制性工程,大桥起于武胜县华封镇桃园村二组,横跨嘉陵江止于沿口镇白滩村四组,起止桩号为k0+4xx—k1+155,桥梁总长为743米,全桥孔跨布置为:3*30m简支t梁+(90+170+170+90)m连续刚构+4*30m简支t梁,主桥设计为双主跨170m、边跨90m连续刚构,主墩墩身采用双实心薄壁墩,墩高约30米,主桥分幅式设计,为方便城市扩建后两岸居民的通行,两幅靠上下游分别设置2米人行通道。
1)、主桥深水基础施工技术
①深水基础施工总体布置
主桥桥跨布置
4#~6#号主墩采用双实心薄壁墩结构形式,壁厚1、5m。基础采用钻孔灌注桩,每墩设xx根桩,纵桥向布置3排,横桥向布置4排,纵向桩间距为5、5m,横向桩间距为6m,桩径为2、5m。按端承桩设计(嵌入微风化基岩不小于7米)。承台顶高程为228、5m(6#墩为224m),承台高5m,纵桥向长15m,横桥向分幅设计,单幅宽10m。承台封底砼厚度为1、0m(6#墩1、5m),封底采用c25砼,承台采用c30砼,每个需要750m3,共需4500m3,共需各类型钢筋共计约280t。
主墩水中基础布置
水中基础施工平面布置
②水上通道总体布置
桥位处河床断面宽度约450m,其中3#交界墩距华封岸河岸线约10m,4#、5#主墩位于现河床断面中央,距华封岸河岸线约100m和270m左右,6#主墩距沿口岸河岸线约15m,而沿口岸的施工便道打通及为困难,所以考虑从华封岸进场,但嘉陵江武胜段是四级航道,必须确保其正常的通航,所以根据此特点,水上施工通道按如下原则布置:
1、因两岸墩的施工都的从华封岸进场,所以水上施工通道需将江面全面搭通,以确保施工。
2、综合考虑地质水文情况以及大桥施工的工期情况,水上施工通道采用浮式栈桥。
3、嘉陵江武胜段是四级航道,所以必须考虑预留通航孔,本浮桥将把预留孔设置为一段活动式浮桥,先从华丰岸往沿口岸搭设360m的固定浮桥,然后留沿口岸90m作一活动式浮桥,进行间歇性的断航施工;
4、360m固定浮桥,自主线浮桥至各墩位则设置支线浮桥,根据河岸线情况该主线浮桥设置于上游约20米左右。主栈桥与各墩位之间设置支线浮桥;
5、该栈桥设置的主要目的是为4#、5#主墩及沿口岸6#主墩及引桥施工提供施工人员通行的安全通道,并承受过江电缆、混凝土输送管的自重等外荷载,不考虑在浮桥上进行材料运输。
③4#、5#主墩水中桩基施工
4#、5#主墩位于嘉陵江江中心,水深较深,约xxm,考虑施工工期、钢管打插难易程度等因素,拟采用双导向船上拼装浮式导向平台下钢护筒,钢护筒支撑钻孔平台的施工方案。因河床底为砂砾石,拟采用振动锤辅助钢护筒下沉至岩层,并在河床底部下放矮沉箱、浇筑板筏,再对钢护筒进行整体连接并在其上搭设钻孔平台。栈桥采用浮桥,仅承载输送管、过江电缆及施工人群荷载,主浮桥采用纵向钢管作浮箱,支线浮桥采用汽油桶串联成片作为浮箱,因下伏基岩强度较高,冲抓成孔、旋挖成孔等工艺在本工程难以实施,所以采用冲击成孔工艺,使用优质泥浆固孔,泥浆处理器配合泥浆循环。
施工工艺流程图
④导向平台拼装与钢护筒加工与钻孔平台的形成
主墩桩基直径为2、5m,因采用浮式平台方案,操作中平台可能会出现微小的水平位移,故在桩基施工时需适当加大钢护筒的直径(拟采用2、7m的钢护筒),本工程的钢护筒在桩基施工过程中具有承受护筒顶施工荷载的功能,所以其壁厚需作适当加厚(考虑使用20mm的钢板卷制),护筒联接必须密封可靠,以确保冲孔过程中不漏浆。钢护筒安装到位后,采用232b槽钢作横纵平联连接所有钢护筒,再用【16作斜撑,然后在钢护筒的牛腿上布设钻孔平台。
⑤钻孔方案及实施
采用正循环冲击钻进工艺和气举反循环回旋钻进工艺,泥浆护壁,振动筛除渣。冲击锤为十字冲锤,直径2、5m,自重8~10t,卷扬机为8~10t中速卷扬机,采用正循环或反循环工艺出渣,利用桩位附近的已埋设好的护筒作循环泥浆池
⑥混凝土浇筑
钢筋笼检验合格后,及时下放导管、漏斗并安装储料斗,安装过程中,现场技术人员对导管每节段的长度作好记录,以备拆除导管时提供参数,并应将长导管接在下端,较短导管接在上端。在导管与导管之间、导管与漏斗之间的联结部位加垫橡胶圈,连接螺纹应旋紧,确保导管的密封性能。导管用汽车或履带式起重机起吊下放,为加快安装进度,可预先依据孔深在现场将导管拼装成长节段,作好标记,下放时直接依次连接下放,整个导管分为6~10段下放完成,导管底部距离孔底40cm。导管在孔口位置卡在安装在护筒上的导管架上。
导管安装完成后,对孔底沉渣进行检测,如不符合要求,要进行第二次清孔,若沉淀不大时,采用将空压机高压风管沿导管内放入孔底,利用高压风将孔底沉淀物悬浮的方法,使沉淀厚度符合要求。然后拔出高压风管,用封口板将漏斗底口封住。
2)、上部结构施工技术
①上部结构总体概述
主桥上部构造为分幅式预应力砼连续刚构,每个“t”构纵桥向划分为23个对称梁段,箱梁设计为纵向、横向、竖向三向预应力结构,每幅桥采用单箱单室截面。每幅箱梁顶板宽度为11、35m,底板宽度为6、35m,两侧翼缘悬臂长2、5m,梁高由10、6m渐变为3、7m,腹板厚度由0、7m渐变为0、5m,底板厚度由1、20m渐变为0、35m。
②方案总体介绍
1、0#梁段采取搭设牛腿托架方案现浇施工;
2、悬浇段(1~22#梁段)采用挂篮对称悬臂浇筑施工,全桥共用6对(xx个)挂篮;
3、边跨现浇段(25#梁段)采用牛腿托架法施工;
4、将挂篮改制为吊架进行边、中跨合龙段施工。
③0#号块施工
0#块采用预埋牛腿搭设施工托架,0#块件托架牛腿采用i45b工字钢,其上搭设分配梁和底模。其中两墩柱间为简化工作量,先设两排2i25作横向分配梁,然后再在其上铺设纵向底板分配梁,悬臂端也设三排横向分配梁,而翼缘板分配梁则全部搭设在横向分配梁上,上下游分别设置三排纵向布置。
外模采用墩身大块钢模,第一次外侧模拼装三层(6、75米),悬臂段底模拼装2、25米。底模采用2【10支撑在分配梁上,根据设计(监控指令)提供的立模标高,调节底板线形。
0#块托架正面和侧面布置图
④主梁挂蓝悬臂浇筑施工
1~22#梁段采用挂篮对称悬浇施工,浇筑长度分为3m和4、2m两种规格,其最大悬浇重量分别为1892、92kn(1#块)和1596、66kn(13#块)。采用挂篮施工,单幅一个主墩上采用一对挂篮对称浇注,全桥共需六对挂篮。挂篮自重约85t。挂篮拟采用四川路桥其它项目刚下线的菱形或斜拉三角挂篮,每套挂篮都经受过同类更大型桥梁的考验。
(五)、武胜嘉陵江一桥参观
武胜嘉陵江一桥是一座位于四川省武胜县嘉陵江面上的公路大桥,于1994年8月建成通车。大桥长609m,宽13m连接了县城沿口镇与华封镇,是继列面嘉陵江大桥后的武胜第二座嘉陵江大桥,使沿口的武胜县交通枢纽地位得到加强。这是一座砼拱桥,共有五孔,中间两孔较边跨大,采用的是由双肋组成的箱肋拱桥。在跨度变化交接墩处,我们可以看到它的横墙做得比较厚大,有利于增强结构的刚度和稳定性。与现在桥梁不同的是,这座桥的桥面板是采用横向节段式的桥面板拼装形成的,这种形式不利于受力,刚度较弱,现阶段采用的是纵梁形式。
(六)、合川东渡大桥
合川东渡大桥又名合阳嘉陵江大桥,位于合川钓鱼城办事处楼紫坎,于1998年底开工修建,20xx年3月建成通车。全桥长830m,宽22、5m为(58+130+200+130+58)m中承式钢管砼混合结构拱桥。
该工程在全国以其“多跨总长度第一,单跨跨径长度第一,吊杆施工难度第一”,被国家计委交通部列为《中国大工程》名录。
(七)、合川南屏大桥
合川南屏大桥西起合川区南办处下南路,东至钓鱼城大关山,全桥长约1161m,主桥桥跨布置为384m,桥宽27、5m。引桥桥跨为358m桥宽24、5m。道路等级为城市主干道,双向四车道,最高设计时速为50km/h。主桥采用双塔双面矮塔斜拉桥,引桥为四跨连续刚构桥。桥梁结构形式为(30+4*82)m连续箱梁+(102+190+92)m连续刚构。矮塔斜拉桥长762m。
通过四次不同地点的实习,我直观的学习了包括简支箱梁施工、悬臂施工以及深水基础施工在内的各项施工工艺。在施工技术上,实际操作以理论知识为基础,但又比理论知识更具有灵活性和可操作性,这需要学好专业知识的同时在工作中积极思考,灵活应用,培养自己的思维创新与独立解决问题的能力。同时,利用这次实习机会接触社会,得到很好的锻炼,明确了在剩余不多的大学生活中应该发展的方向,积极面对每一次挑战。所以更加努力的做好毕业设计。
我们也知道了理论与实践的结合是很重要的,特别是对与建筑这种实践性能非常强的一门学科更要强调实际操作技能的培养。而且这门学科在很大程度上与书本有一定程度的差异,在这次实习中能使我们所掌握的理论知识得以验证,把理论与实践找到一个最好的切入点。在实习中可以得到一些只有实践中才能得到的技术,为我们以后参加工作打好基础。
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